『Abstract
　Most mycorrhizas are ‘balanced’ mutualistic associations in which the fungus and plant exchange commodities required for their growth and survival. Myco-heterotrophic plants have ‘exploitative’ mycorrhizas where transfer processes apparently benefit only plants. Exploitative associations are symbiotic (in the broad sense), but are not mutualistic. A new definition of mycorrhizas that encompasses all types of these associations while excluding other plant-fungus interactions is provided. This definition recognises the importance of nutrient transfer at an interface resulting from synchronised plant-fungus development. The diversity of interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and plants is considered. Mycorrhizal fungi also function as endophytes, necrotrophs and antagonists of host or non-host plants, with roles that vary during the lifespan of their associations. It is recommended that mycorrhizal associations are defined and classified primarily by anatomical criteria regulated by the host plant. A revised classification scheme for types and categories of mycorrhizal associations defined by these criteria is proposed. The main categories of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations (VAM) are ‘linear’ or ‘coiling’, and of ectomycorrhizal associations (ECM) are ‘epidermal’ or ‘cortical’. Subcategories of coiling VAM and epidermal ECM occur in certain host plants. Fungus-controlled features result in ‘morphotypes’ within categories of VAM and ECM. Arbutoid and monotropoid associations should be considered subcategories of epidermal ECM and ectendomycorrhizas should be relegated to an ECM morphotype. Both arbuscules and vesicles define mycorrhizas formed by glomeromycotan fungi. A new classification scheme for categories, subcategories and morphotypes of mycorrhizal associations is provided.

Key words: mycorrhiza; ectomycorrhiza; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza; exploitative; balanced; mutualism; symbiosis; terminology』

『要旨
　大多数の菌根は、そこで菌類と植物がそれらの成長と生存のために必要な生産物を交換する「平衡した」相利共生体である。菌類従属栄養植物は、そこで輸送過程が見かけ上植物にのみ利益があるような「搾取的な」菌根をもつ。搾取的な群集は共生（広い意味での）ではあるが、相利共生ではない。他の植物−菌類相互作用を除くが、これらの群集のすべてのタイプを包含する菌根の新しい定義が定められている。この定義は、同時に起こる植物−菌類の発達から生じる境界面での栄養輸送の重要性を十分に意識している。菌根菌と植物との間の相互作用の相違が考慮されている。菌根菌はまた、宿主または非宿主植物の内部寄生者・死体寄生者・敵対者として、それらの群集の寿命の間に変動する役目を果たす。菌根群集は、おもに宿主植物によって規制された解剖学的基準によって定義かつ分類されることが推奨される。これらの基準によって定義された菌根群集のタイプとカテゴリー（範疇）について改訂された分類案が提案されている。アーバスキュラー菌根群集（VAM）の主なカテゴリーは「線状」または「コイル状」であり、外生菌根群集（ECM）は「表皮性」または「皮質性」である。コイル状VAMおよび表皮性ECMのサブカテゴリー（下位範疇）は、ある種の宿主植物に生じている。菌類がコントロールした特徴はVAMおよびECMのカテゴリー内の「体型（形態型）」となる。アーブトイド（イチヤクソウ型）とモノトロポイド（シャクジョウソウ型）群集は、表皮性ECMのサブカテゴリーとみなされるべきで、内外生菌根はECM体型に帰属させるべきである。樹枝状体と嚢状体はどちらも、Glomeromycota門の菌類により形成された菌根を定義する。菌類群集のカテゴリー・サブカテゴリー・体型についての新しい分類案が提示されている。』

Contents
I. Introduction
II. Defining mycorrhizal associations
III. Diversity of mycorrhizas
　(1) Endophytic activity
　(2) Balanced mycorrhizas
　　(a) Facultatively mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants
　(3) Exploitative mycorrhizal associations
　(4) Antagonism (allelopathy)
　(5) Variable associations
IV. Types and categories of mycorrhizas
　(1) Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas
　　(a) Categories of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas
　(2) Ectomycorrhizas
　　(a) Categories of ectomycorrhizas
　　(b) Monotropoid, arbutoid and ectendomycorrhizal associations
　(3) Other mycorrhizas
V. Classifying mycorrhizas
VI. Conclusions
VII. Acknowledgments
VIII. References
IX. Appendix
　(1) Usage of arbuscular and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas

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Fig. 1. Phase plane diagram comparing types of mycorrhizas and other categories of plant-fungus interactions. These categories are explained in Section III. 図１．菌根のタイプと植物-菌類相互作用の他のカテゴリーを比べる相平面図。これらのカテゴリーは�V節で説明されている。 〔Brundrett,N.(2004): Diversity and classification of mycorrhizal associations. Biol. Rev., 79, 473-495.から〕 facultative＝条件的な、obligate＝無条件な（絶対の）。

Fig.2　Morphological classificatios of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) categories and subcategories resulting from the host properties (A), and morphotypes resulting from fungal properties (B). Fungal morphotypes defined by Abbott (1982) are shown. 図２　VA菌根（VAM）の形態分類で、親植物の性質によるカテゴリーおよびサブカテゴリーの場合（A）と、菌類の性質による形態型の場合（B）。菌類の形態型は Abbott (1982) により定義されたものが示されている。 A. Determined by plant VAM Coiling Beaded Inner cortex Exploitative Others Linear B. Determined by fungus VAM Glomus Types Scutellospora & Gigaspora Acaulospora types Fine endopytes Medium endopytes Others

Fig.3　Morphological classificatios of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) categories and subcategories resulting from the host properties (A), and morphotypes resulting from fungal properties (B). Fungal morphotypes shown are major categories defined by Brundrett et al. (1996) . 図３　外生菌根（ECM）の形態分類で、親植物の性質によるカテゴリーおよびサブカテゴリーの場合（A）と、菌類の性質による形態型の場合（B）。菌類の形態型は Brundrett et al. (1996) により定義された主カテゴリーが示されている。 A. Determined by plant ECM Epidermal Arbutoid Monotropoid Transfer cell Cortical B. Determined by fungus ECM Superficial Ectendo- Tuberculate Mesophellia Others

〔Brundrett,N.(2004): Diversity and classification of mycorrhizal associations. Biol. Rev., 79, 473-495.から〕