『Abstract
　X-ray computed tomography, neutron computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are driving novel scientific advances by enabling rapid, non-destructive, three-dimensional examination and analysis of earth and planetary materials. Discoveries catalyzed by these approaches range across fields from environmental geology to petroleum geology, hydrology to soil science, paleontology to petrology, geodynamics to meteoritics. They have impacted our understanding of hydrocarbon reservoirs, contaminant transport, climate change, CO2 sequestration, the evolution of life, crustal uplift, mantle metasomatism, planetary differentiation, and more. Three-dimensional imaging is likely soon to become an essential component of every investigator's toolkit, especially as instruments and facilities emerge that are optimized for increasingly sophisticated geological applications of these techniques, and as access to them expands.

Keyword: X-ray computed tomography; neutron computed tomography; magnetic resonance imaging; visualization 』

1. Introduction
2. Overview of 3D imaging techniques
3. X-ray computed tomography
　3.1. Technical principles
　3.2. Applications in the earth and planetary sciences
　　3.2.1. Hydrology, soil science, and environmental geology
　　3.2.2. Paleontology
　　3.2.3. Petroleum geology and sedimentology
　　3.2.4. Petrology
　　3.2.5. Geodynamics and structural geology
　　3.2.6. Engineering geology and economic geology
　　3.2.7. Meteoritics and planetary science
4. Neutron tomography
　4.1. Technical principles
　4.2. Applications in the earth and planetary sciences
5. Magnetic resonance imaging
　5.1. Technical principles
　5.2. Applications in the earth and planetary sciences
6. Future directions
Acknowledgements
References