Dill,H.G.(2010): The “chessboard” classification scheme of mineral deposits: Mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium. Earth-Science Reviews, 100, 1-420.

『鉱床の“チェス盤”分類案:アルミニウムからジルコニウムまでの鉱物学と地質学』


Abstract
 Economic geology is a mixtum compositum of all geoscientific disciplines focused on one goal, finding new mineral deposits and enhancing their exploitation. The keystones of this mixtum compositum are geology and mineralogy whose studies are centered around the emplacement of the ore body and the development of its minerals and rocks. In the present study, mineralogy and geology act as x- and y-coordinates of a classification chart of mineral resources called the “chessboard” ( or “spreadsheet”) classification scheme. Magmatic and sedimentary lithologies rogether with tectonic structures (1-D/pipes, 2-D/veins) are plotted along the x-axis in the header of the spreadsheet diagram representing the columns in this chart diagram. 63 commodity groups, encompassing minerals and elements are plotted along the y-axis, forming the lines of the spreadsheet. These commodities are subjected to a tripartite subdivision into ore minerals, industrial minerals/rocks and gemstones/ornamental stones.
 Further information on the various types of mineral deposits, as to the major ore and gangue minerals, the current models and the mode of formation or when and in which geodynamic setting these deposits mainly formed throughout the geological past may be obtained from the text by simply using the code of each swposit in the chart. This code can be created by combining the commodity (lines) shown by numbers plus lower caps with the host rocks or structure (columns) given by capital letters.
 Each commodity has a small preface on the mineralogy and chemistry and ends up with an outlook into its final use and the supply situation of the raw material on a global basis, which may be updated by the user through a direct link to database available on the internet. In this case the study has been linked to the commodity database of the US Geological Survey. The internal subdivision of each commodity section corresponds to the common host rock lithologies (magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic) and structures. Cross sections and images illustrate the common ore types of each commodity. Ore takes priority over the mineral. The minerals and host rocks are listed by their chemical and mineralogical compositions, respectively, separated from the text but supplemented with cross-references to the columns and lines, where they prevalently occur.
 A metallogenetic-geodynamic overview is given at the bottom of each column in the spreadsheet. It may be taken as the “sum” or the “mean” of a number of geodynamic models and ideas put forward by the various researchers for all the deposits pertaining to a certain clan of lithology or structure. This classical or conservative view of metallotexts related to the common plate tectonic settings is supplemented by an approach taken for the first time for such a number of deposits, using the concepts of sequence stratigraphy. This paper, so as to say, is a “launch pad” for a new mindset in metallogenesis rather than the final result. The relationship supergene-hypogene and syngenetic-epigenetic has been the topic of many studies for ages but to keep them as separate entities is often unworkable in practice, especially in the so-called epithermal or near-surface/shallow deposits. Vein-type and stratiform ore bodies are generally handled also very differently. To get these different structural elements (space), and various mineralizing processes (time) together and to allow for a forward modeling in mineral exploration, architectural elements of sequence stratigraphy are adapted to mineral resources. Deposits are geological bodies which need accommodation space created by the environment of formation and the tectonic/geodynamic setting through time. They are controlled by horizontal to subhorizontal reference planes and/or vertical structures. Prerequisites for the deposits to evolve are thermal and/or mechanical gradients. Thermal energy is for most of the settings under consideration deeply rooted in the mantle. A perspective ob how this concept might work is given in the text by a pilot project on mineral deposits in Central Europe and in the spreadsheet classification scheme by providing a color-coded categorization into
1. mineralization mainly related to planar architectural elements, e.g. sequence boundaries subaerial and unconformities
2. mineralization mainly related to planar architectural elements, e.g. sequence boundaries submarine, transgressive surfaces and maximum flooding zones/surfaces)
3. mineralization mainly controlled by system tracts (lowstand system tracts transgressive system tracts, highstand system tracts)
4. mineralization of subvolcanic or intermediate level to be correlated with the architectural elements of basin evolution
5. mineralization of deep level to be correlated with the deep-seated structural elements.
 There are several squares on the chessboard left blank mainly for lack of information on sequence stratigraphy of mineral deposits. This method has not found many users yet in mineral exploration. This review is designed as an “inreractive paper” open, for amendments in the electronic spreadsheet version and adjustable to the needs and wants of application, research and training in geosciences. Metamorphic host rock lithologies and commodities are addressed by different color codes in the chessboard classification scheme.

Keywords: economic geology; mineral deposits; geology; mineralogy; classification scheme; spreadsheet』

Contents
1. Introduction
 1.1. Mineral deposits and economic geology
 1.2. Classification of mineral deposits through time
2. The “chessboard” (spreadsheet) classification scheme of mineral deposits
 2.1. The principles of the “chessboard” (spreadsheet) classification scheme
 2.2. The host of mineral deposits
  2.2.1. Magmatic host rocks
  2.2.2. Ore-bearing structures
  2.2.3. Sedimentary host rocks
  2.2.4. Organic material and special host rocks
 2.3. Type of commodity (inorganic raw material)
  2.3.1. Ore minerals
  2.3.2. Industrial minerals and rocks
  2.3.3. Gemstones nd ornamental stones
 2.4. Mineralizing processes
3. Chromium
 3.1. Chemistry and mineralogy
 3.2. Magmatic chromium deposits
 3.3. Sedimentary chromium deposits
 3.4. Metamorphic chromium (gemstone) deposit
 3.5. Chromium supply and use
4. Nickel
 4.1. Chemistry and mineralogy
 4.2. Magmatic nickel deposits
 4.3. Structure-related nickel deposits
 4.4. Sedimentary nickel deposits
 4.5. Nickel supply and use
5. Cobalt
 5.1. Chemistry and mineralogy
 5.2. Cobalt deposits
 5.3. Cobalt supply and use
6. Platinum group elements (PGE)
 6.1. Chemistry and mineralogy
 6.2. Magmatic platinum-group-element deposits
 6.3. Structure-related platinum-group-element deposits
 6.4. Sedimentary platinum-group-element deposits
 6.5. Platinum-group-element supply and use
7. Titanium
 7.1. Chemistry and mineralogy
 7.2. Magmatic titanium deposits
 7.3. Structure-related titanium deposits
 7.4. Sedimentary titanium deposits
 7.5. Metamorphic titanium deposits
 7.6. Titanium supply and use
8. Vanadium
 8.1. Chemistry and mineralogy
 8.2. Magmatic vanadium deposits
 8.3. Sedimentary vanadium deposits
 8.4. Vanadium supply and use
9. Iron
 9.1. Chemistry and mineralogy
 9.2. Magmatic iron deposits
 9.3. Structure-related iron deposits
 9.4. Sedimentary iron deposits
 9.5. Metamorphic iron deposits
10. Manganese
 10.1. Chemistry and mineralogy
 10.2. Magmatic manganese deposits
 10.3. Structure-related manganese deposits
 10.4. Sedimentary manganese deposits
 10.5. Metamorphic manganese deposits
 10.6. Manganese supply and use
11. Copper
 11.1. Chemistry and mineralogy
 11.2. Magmatic copper deposits
 11.3. Structure-bound copper deposits
 11.4. Sedimentary copper deposits
 11.5. Copper supply and use
12. Selenium and tellurium
 12.1. Chemistry, mineralogy and economic geology of selenium
 12.2. Chemistry, mineralogy and economic geology of tellurium
13. Molybdenum and rhenium
 13.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of molybdenum
 13.2. Magmatic molybdenum deposits
 13.3. Sedimentary molybdenum and rhenium deposits
 13.4. Molybdenum and rhenium supply and use
14. Tin and tungsten
 14.1. Chemistry and mineralogy
 14.2. Magmatic tin and tungsten deposits
 14.3. Structure-bound tungsten deposits
 14.4. Sedimentary tin and tungsten deposits
 14.5. Supply and use of tin and tungsten
15. Niobium-, tantalum- and scandium
 15.1. Chemistry and mineralogy
 15.2. Magmatic niobium-, tantalum- and scandium deposits
 15.3. Sedimentary niobium- and tantalum deposits
 15.4. Supply and use of niobium and tantalum
16. Beryllium
 16.1. Beryllium chemistry and mineralogy
 16.2. Magmatic beryllium deposits
 16.3. Structure-bound beryllium deposits
 16.4. Sedimentary beryllium deposits
 16.5. Metamorphic beryllium deposits
 16.6. Supply and use of beryllium
17. Cesium, lithium and rubidium
 17.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of cesium and lithium
 17.2. Magmatic cesium-, lithium and rubidium deposits
 17.3. Cesium and lithium sedimentary deposits
 17.4. Cesium and lithium supply
18. Lead, zinc, germanium, indium, cadmium and silver
 18.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of lead, zinc, germanium, indium, cadmium, and silver
 18.2. Magmatic lead-zinc deposits
 18.3. Structure-bound lead-zinc deposits
 18.4. Sedimentary lead-zinc deposits
 18.5. Metamorphic lead-zinc deposits
 18.6. Silver deposits sensu strico
 18.7. Lead, zinc, germanium, indium, cadmium, and silver supply
  18.7.1. Past and present of mining and metallurgy of lead
  18.7.2. Past and present of mining and metallurgy of zinc
  18.7.3. Final use of germanium, indium and cadmium
  18.7.4. Final use of silver
19. Bismuth
 19.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of bismuth
 19.2. Deposits of bismuth
 19.3. Final use of bismuth
20. Gold
 20.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of gold
 20.2. Magmatic gold deposits
 20.3. Structure-bound gold deposits
 20.4. Sedimentary gold deposits
 20.5. Metamorphic gold deposits
 20.6. Gold supply and use
21. Antimony, arsenic and thallium
 21.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of antimony, arsenic and thallium
 21.2. Antimony deposits
  21.2.1. Magmatic antimony deposits
  21.2.2. Structure-bound antimony deposits
  21.2.3. Sedimentary antimony deposits
 21.3. Arsenic deposits
 21.4. Thallium deposits
 21.5. Antimony, arsenic, thallium suply and use
  21.5.1. Antimony
  21.5.2. Arsenic
  21.5.3. Thallium
22. Mercury
 22.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of mercury
 22.2. Magmatic mercury deposits
 22.3. Structure-bound mercury deposits
 22.4. Sedimentary mercury deposits
 22.5. Mercury supply and use
23. Rare Earth Elements (REE)
 23.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements
 23.2. Magmatic rare earth element deposits
 23.3. Structure-bound rare earth element deposits
 23.4. Sedimentary rare earth element deposits
 23.5. Rare earth element supply and use
24. Uranium, thorium and radium
 24.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of uranium and thorium
 24.2. Uranium deposits
  24.2.1. Magmatic uranium deposits
  24.2.2. Structure-bound uranium deposits
  24.2.3. Sedimentary uranium deposits
 24.3. Thorium deposits
  24.3.1. Magmatic thorium deposits
  24.3.2. Structure-bound thorium deposits
  24.3.3. Sedimentary thorium deposits
  24.3.4. Uranium and thorium supply and use
25. Aluminum and gallium
 25.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of aluminum and gallium
 25.2. Magmatic aluminum deposits
 25.3. Sedimentary aluminum deposits
 25.4. Gallium deposits
 25.5. Aluminum and gallium supply and use
26. Magnesium
 26.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of magnesium
 26.2. Magmatic magnesium deposits
 26.3. Structure-bound magnesium deposits
 26.4. Sedimentary magnesium deposits
 26.5. Magnsium supply and use
27. Calcium
 27.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of calcium
 27.2. Magmatic calcium deposits
 27.3. Structure-bound calcium deposits
 27.4. Sedimentary calcium deposits
 27.5. Metamorphic calcium deposits
 27.6. Carbonate rocks supply and use
28. Boron
 28.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of boron
 28.2. Magmatic boron deposits
 28.3. Sedimentary boron deposits
 28.4. Metamorphic boron deposits
 28.5. Boron supply and use
29. Sulfur and calcium sulfate
 29.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of sulfur
 29.2. Magmatic sulfur and sulfate deposits
 29.3. Sedimentary sulfur and Ca sulfate deposits
 29.4. Sulfur and calcium sulfate supply and use
30. Fluorine
 30.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of fluorine
 30.2. Magmatic fluorine deposits
 30.3. Structure-bound fluorite and topaz deposits
 30.4. Sedimentary fluorite and topaz deposits
 30.5. Fluorine supply and use
31. Barium
 31.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of barium
 31.2. Magmatic barium deposits
 31.3. Structure-bound barium deposits
 31.4. Sedimentary barium deposits
 31.5. Barium supply and use
32. Strontium
 32.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of strontium
 32.2. Magmatic strontium deposits
 32.3. Structure-bound strontium deposits
 32.4. Sedimentary strontium deposits
 32.5. Strontium supply and use
33. Potassium, sodium, chlorine and bromine
 33.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of potassium, sodium, chlorine and bromine
 33.2. Sedimentary potassium, sodium, chlorine and bromine deposits
 33.3. Sodium, potassium, chlorine and bromine supply and use
34. Nitrogen and iodine
 34.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of nitrogen and iodine
 34.2. Sedimentary nitrogen and iodine deposits
 34.3. Economic consideration of nitrogen and iodine deposits
35. Sodium carbonate and -sulfate
 35.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of sodium carbonate and -sulfate
 35.2. Sedimentary sodium carbonate and -sulfate deposits
 35.3. Sodium carbonate and -sulfate supply and use
36. Phosphorus
 36.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of phosphorus
 36.2. Magmatic phosphate deposits
 36.3. Structure-bound phosphate deposits
 36.4. Sedimentary phosphate deposits
 36.5. Metamorphic phosphate deposits
 36.6. Phosphate supply and use
37. Zirconium and hafnium
 37.1. Che,istry and mineralogy of zirconium and hafnium
 37.2. Magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary zirconium (hafnium) deposits
 37.3. Zirconium (hafnium) supply and use
38. Silica
 38.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of silica
 38.2. Magmatic silica deposits
 38.3. Sructure-bound silica deposits
 38.4. Sedimentary silica deposits
 38.5. Metamorphic silica deposits
 38.6. Silica supply and use
39. Feldspar
 39.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of feldspar
 39.2. Magmatic feldspar deposits
 39.3. Structure-bound feldspar deposits
 39.4. Sedimentary feldspar deposits
 39.5. Metamorphic feldspar deposits
 39.6. Feldspar supply and use
40. Feldspathod
 40.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of feldspathids
 40.2. Magmatic feldspathoids deposits
 40.3. Metamorphic feldspathoids deposits
 40.4. Feldspathoids supply and use
41. Zeolites
 41.1. Chemistry and mneralogy of zeolites
 41.2. Magmatic zeolite deposits
 41.3. Sedimentary zeolite deposits
 41.4. Metamorphic zeolite deposits
 41.5. Zeolite supply and use
42. Amphibole and asbestos
 42.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of amphibole and asbestiform minerals
 42.2. Magmatic amphibole and asbestos deposits
 42.3. Metamorphic amphibole and asbestos deposits
 42.4. Amphibole and asbestos supply and use
43. Olivine and dunite
 43.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of olivine minerals
 43.2. Magmatic olivine and dunite deposits
 43.3. Sedimentary olivine deposits
 43.4. Metamorphic olivine and dunite deposits
 43.5. Olivine and dunite supply and use
44. Pyroxene and inosilicates
 44.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of pyroxene and pyroxenoid
 44.2. Magmatic pyroxene and inosilicate deposits
 44.3. Metamorphic pyroxene and inosilicate deposits
 44.4. Pyroxene and inosilicate supply and use
45. Garnet
 45.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of garnet-group minerals
 45.2. Magmatic garnet deposits
 45.3. Structure-bound garnet deposits
 45.4. Sedimentary garnet deposits
 45.5. Metamorphic garnet deposits
 45.6. Garnet supply and use
46. Epidote-group minerals
 46.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of epidote-group minerals
 46.2. Magmatic epidote-group mineral deposits
 46.3. Metamorphic epidote-group deposits
 46.4. Epidote-group minerals supply and use
47. Sillimanite-group minerals
 47.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of sillimanite group minerals
 47.2. Magmatic deposits of sillimanite-group minerals
 47.3. Structure-bound deposits of sillimanite-group minerals and staurolite
 47.4. Sedimentary deposits of sillimanite-group minerals and staurolite
 47.5. Metamorphic sillimanite-group deposits
 47.6. Sillimanite-group minerals and staurolite supply and use
48. Corundum and spinel
 48.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of corundum and spinel minerals
 48.2. Magmatic deposits of corundum and spinel minerals 
 48.3. Sedimentary deposits of corundum and spinel minerals
 48.4. Metamorphic deposits of corundum and spinel minerals
 48.5. Corundum and spinel supply and use
49. Diamond
 49.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of diamond
 49.2. Magmatic deposits of diamonds
 49.3. Sedimentary deposits of diamonds
 49.4. Metamorphic deposits of diamonds
 49.5. Diamond supply and use
50. Graphite
 50.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of graphite
 50.2. Magmatic deposits of graphite
 50.3. Structure-bound graphite deposits
 50.4. Sedimentary graphite deposits
 50.5. Metamorphic graphite deposits
 50.6. Graphite supply and use
51. Clay minerals
 51.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of clay minerals
 51.2. Magmatic deposits of clay minerals
  51.2.1. Serpentine-kaolin
   51.2.1.1. Serpentines
   51.2.1.2. Kaolinite-group minerals and natural Si-Al complexes
  51.2.2. Talc-pyrophyllite
   51.2.2.1. Talc
   51.2.2.2. Pyrophyllite
  51.2.3. Smectite
  51.2.4. Vermiculite
  51.2.5. Mica
  51.2.6. Chlorite
  51.2.7. Sepiolite-palygorskite (hormites)
 51.3. Sedimentary deposits of clay minerals
  51.3.1. Serpentine-kaolin
   51.3.1.1. Serpentines
   51.3.1.2. Kaolin-group minerals and natural Si-Al complexes
  51.3.2. Talc-pyrophyllite
  51.3.3. Smectite
  51.3.4. Vermiculite
  51.3.5. Mica
  51.3.6. Sepiolite-palygorskite (hormites)
 51.4. Metamorphic deposits of clay minerals
  51.4.1. Mica-)(chlorite)
  51.4.2. Prehnite
  51.4.3. Talc
  51.4.4. Pyrophyllite
 51.5. Clay minerals and phyllosilicate supply and use
52. Biological materials (“biominerals”)
 52.1. Chemistry and mineralogy of biological materials
 52.2. Ket and amber fdeposits
 52.3. Supply and use of biological materials
53. Discussion
 53.1. The columns; geodynamic setting and environment of deposition
  53.1.1. The ultrabasic magmatic clan
  53.1.2. The basic magmatic clan
  53.1.3. The intermediate and felsic magmatic clan
  53.1.4. The alkaline magmatic clan and carbonatites with pegmatitic plus aplitic derivative products
  53.1.5. One-dimensional structures - pipes
  53.1.6. Two-dimensional structures - veins
  53.1.7. Duricrusts-regolith-vein like deposits
  53.1.8. Coarse-grained clastic rocks
  53.1.9. Fine-grained clastic rocks and massive rocks
  53.1.10. Limestones
  53.1.11. Evaporites
  53.1.12. Special sedimentary rocks and carbon-bearing hosts
 53.2. Metamorphogenetic mineral deposits
 53.3. The spreadsheet correlation - bringing together the columns and the lines
 53.4. Sequence stratigraphy of epigenetic and diagenetic mineral deposits in Central Europe
54. Conclusions - the importance of raw materials
Acknowledgements
References


Fig. 54.01. The “Commodity Snake” to illustrate the global production (in metric tonnes) of major mineral ra materials in 1983 (Lorenz, 1991).

Dill(2010)による『The “chessboard” classification scheme of mineral deposits: Mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium』から


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