『Abstract
There are 59 springs at the Gevas-Gurpinar-Guzelsu（uの頭に¨）
basins, 38 of these springs emerge from the fractured karst aquifers
(recrystallized limestone and travertine) and 21 emerge from the
Yuksekova ophiolites, Kirkgect（cにはセディーユが付く）
formation and alluvium. The groundwater samples collected from
38 out of the total of 59 springs, two streams, one lake and 12
wells were analyzed physico-chemically in the year 2002. EC and
TDS values of groundwater increased from the marble (high altitude)
to the ophiolites and alluvium (toward Lake Van) as a result of
carbonate dissolution and connate seawater. Five chemical types
of groundwater are identified: Ca-Mg-HCO3,
Mg-Ca-HCO3, Mg-Na-HCO3,
Na-Ca-HCO3 and Mg-Ca-Na-HCO3.
The calculations and hydrochemical interpretations show that the
high concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3- as predominant ions in the waters
are mainly attributed to carbonate rocks and high pCO2
in soil. Most of the karst springs are oversaturated in calcite,
aragonite and dolomite and undersaturated in gypsum, halite and
anhydrite. The water-rock interaction processes that singly or
in combination influence the chemical composition of each water
type include dissolution of carbonate (calcite and dolomite),
calcite precipitation, cation exchange and freshening of connate
seawater. These processes contribute considerably to the concentration
of major ions in the groundwater. Stable isotope contents of the
groundwater suggest mainly direct integrative recharge.
Keywords: Groundwater; Carbonate weathering; Connate seawater;
Water chemistry; Stable isotopes; Lake Van; Turkey』
Introduction
Climate
Hydrology
Wells
Streams
Springs
Geological and hydrogeological framework
Geology
Hydrogeology
Hydrochemistry
Hydrogeochemical interpretations
Factors controlling the chemistry of the groundwater
Hydrogeochemical modeling
Hydrogeochemical process and source rock deductions
Dissolution and precipitation of minerals
Admixture of seawater
Cation exchange
Stable isotopes analysis
Oxygen-18-deuterium
O-18 and elevation
Tritium-temperature
EC-tritium
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References