『Abstract
　Erosion is a major threat to soil resources in Europe, and may impair their ability to deliver a range of ecosystem goods and services. This is reflected by the European Commission's Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection, which recommends an indicator-based approach for monitoring soil erosion. Defined baseline and threshold values are essential for the evaluation of soil monitoring data. Therefore, accurate spatial data on both soil loss and soil genesis are required, especially in the light of predicted changes in climate patterns, notably frequency, seasonal distribution and intensity of precipitation. Rates of soil loss are reported that have been measured, modelled or inferred for most types of soil erosion in a variety of landscapes, by studies across the spectrum of the Earth sciences. Natural rates of soil formation can be used as a basis for setting tolerable soil erosion rates, with soil formation consisting of mineral weathering as well as dust deposition. This paper reviews the concept of tolerable soil erosion and summarises current knowledge on rates of soil formation, which are then compared to rates of soil erosion by known erosion types, for assessment of soil erosion monitoring at the European scale.
　A modified definition of tolerable soil erosion is proposed as ‘any actual soil erosion rate at which a deterioration or loss of one or more soil functions does not occur,’ actual soil erosion being ‘the total amount of soil lost by all recognised erosion types.’ Even when including dust deposition in soil formation rates, the upper limit of tolerable soil erosion, as equal to soil formation, is ca. 1.4 t ha^-1 yr^-1 while the lower limit is ca. 0.3 t ha^-1 yr^-1, for conditions prevalent in Europe. Scope for spatio-temporal differentiation of tolerable soil erosion rates below this upper limit is suggested by considering (components of) relevant soil functions. Reported rates of actual soil erosion vary much more than those for soil formation. Actual soil erosion rates for tilled, arable land in Europe are, on average, 3 to 40 times greater than the upper limit of tolerable soil erosion, accepting substantial spatio-temporal variation. This paper comprehensively reviews tolerable and actual soil erosion in Europe and highlights the scientific areas where more research is needed for successful implementation of an effective European soil monitoring system.

Keywords: erosion tolerance; soil formation; climate change; soil protection; monitoring; dust deposition』

Contents
1. Introduction
　1.1. General
　1.2. Scale
　1.3. Consequences, mitigation, costs and monitoring
2. Tolerable soil erosion rates
　2.1. Concept
　2.2. Current evidence for soil formation rates
　　2.2.1. Soil formation rates by weathering
　　2.2.2. Soil formation rates by dust deposition
　　2.2.3. Overall soil formation rates
　　2.2.4. Tolerable rates of soil erosion in Europe
3. Actual soil erosion rates
　3.1. Soil erosion types
　　3.1.1. Soil loss by water erosion
　　3.1.2. Soil loss by wind erosion
　　3.1.3. Soil loss by tillage erosion
　　3.1.4. Soil loss by crop harvesting
　　3.1.5. Soil loss by slope engineering
　3.2. Current evidence for actual soil erosion rates
　　3.2.1. Rates of soil loss by water (sheet, rill and gully) erosion
　　3.2.2. Rates of soil loss by wind erosion
　　3.2.3. Rates of soil loss by tillage erosion
　　3.2.4. Rates of soil loss by crop harvesting
　　3.2.5. Rates of soil loss by slope engineering
　　3.2.6. Overall soil erosion rates
　　3.2.7. Soil erosion rates for Europe
4. Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgements
References