『Abstract
　Many biogeochemical and earth surface processes depend critically on chemical weathering. The immediate products of chemical weathering are present as solutes and secondary minerals in groundwater, soils, and streams, and form the nutritional foundation for terrestrial biogeochemistry. Chemical weathering also contributes to physical erosion by weakening bedrock and producing easily erodible regolith, and as the primary long-term sink for atmospheric CO2 it modulates Earth's long-term climate via the greenhouse effect. Long-term chemical denudation rates on soil-mantled hillslopes can be estimated from cosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) concentrations in soil-borne quartz and the enrichment of a chemically inert tracer in soil relative to its parent bedrock, a technique that inherently assumes steady physical erosion over the timescale of CRN accumulation. We present a numerical model that computes changes in soil mineralogy and CRN concentrations under time-varying physical erosion rates, and we use this model to assess the accuracy of the CRN-based technique for estimating chemical denudation rates in non-steady conditions.
　Our modeling results suggest that CRN-based estimates of chemical denudation rates closely resemble actual chemical denudation rates averaged over the timescale of CRN accumulation, even during large-amplitude and long-period oscillations in physical erosion rates. For example, this model predicts that when physical erosion rates fluctuate sinusoidally by 50% of their mean over any period in time, CRN-based estimates of chemical denudation rates should differ from actual chemical denudation rates by less than 15%. Our model also implies that the chemical denudation rates should approach zero both when physical erosion rates approach zero (because soluble minerals become deleted in the soil) and when physical erosion rates approach the maximum soil production rate (because soil thickness approaches zero). Modeled chemical denudation rates thus reach a maximum at intermediate physical erosion rates. If this relationship holds in nature, it implies that in rapidly eroding regions, further increases in physical erosion rates (e.g., due to increases in tectonic uplift rates) may not necessarily lead to faster chemical denudation on soil-mantled hillslopes.

Keywords: chemical weathering; physical erosion; denudation; cosmogenic nuclides』

1. Introduction
2. Theory
　2.1. Chemical denudation rates inferred from concentrations of cosmogenic radionuclides and immobile elements
　2.2. A model of chemical denudation rates in soil
3. Model results
4. Generalization of model
5. Non-dimensional model results
　5.1. How do the amplitude and period of fluctuations in physical erosion rates affect the stability of inferred chemical denudation rates?
　5.2. How do inferred chemical erosion rates compare to actual chemical erosion rates?
　5.3. How do mineral dissolution rates and clay mineral production rates affect the stability of inferred chemical denudation rates?
　5.4. Chemical denudation rates at steady physical erosion rates
6. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Appendix A. Supplementary data
References