『Abstract
　The study of the role that fungi have played and are playing in fundamental geological processes can be termed ‘geomycology’ and this article seeks to emphasize the fundamental importance of fungi in several key areas. These include organic and inorganic transformations and element cycling, rock and mineral transformations, bioweathering, mycogenic mineral formation, fungi-clay interactions, metal-fungal interactions, and the significance of such processes in the environment and their relevance to areas of environmental biotechnology such as bioremediation. Fungi are intimately involved in biogeochemical transformations at local and global scales, and although such transformations occur in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, it is the latter environment where fungi probably have the greatest influence. Within terrestrial aerobic ecosystems, fungi may exert an especially profound influence on biogeochemical processes, particularly when considering soil, rock and mineral surfaces, and the plant-soil interface. The geochemical transformations that take place can influence plant productivity and the mobility of toxic elements and substances, and are therefore of considerable socio-economic relevance, including human health. Of special significance are the mutualistic symbioses, lichens and mycorrhizas. Some of the fungal transformations discussed have beneficial applications in environmental biotechnology, e.g. in metal leaching, recovery and detoxification, and zenobiotic and organic pollutant degradation. They may also result in adverse effects when these processes are associated with the degradation of food-stuffs, natural products, and building materials, including wood, stone and concrete. It is clear that a multidisciplinary approach is essential to understand fully all the phenomena encompassed within geomycology, and it is hoped that this review will serve to catalyse further research, as well as stimulate interest in an area of mycology of global significance.

Keywords: Carbonates; Clay minerals; Environmental biotechnology; Lichens; Mycorrhizas; Oxalates; Silicates』

Introduction
Organic matter degradation and biogeochemical cycling
Weathering processes
Fungi in rock and mineral habitats
Microbial processes influenced by minerals
Fungi in the terrestrial environment
Mechanisms of rock weathering by fungi
　Biomechanical deterioration
　Biochemical deterioration
Fungal symbioses in mineral transformations
　Lichens
　Mycorrhizas
Fungal deterioration of minerals, rocks and building stone
　Concrete biodeterioration in radioactive waste disposal
Mycogenic mineral formation
　Oxalates
　Carbonates
　Other mycogenic minerals Reduction or oxidation of metals and metalloids
Fungi-clay interactions
　Clay mineral formation and impact on soil properties
　Biological effects of clay minerals
　Fungi-clay mineral interactions in soil aggregation
　Clay and silicate weathering by fungi
Metal-fungi interactions
Fungal communities in metal-polluted soils and metal-rich environments
Physiological responses of fungi to toxic metals
Morphological strategies in response to toxic metals
Mecganisms of metal resistance and tolerance
Metal transformations
　Metal mobilization
　Metal immobilization
Accumulation of metals and radionuclides by macrofungi
Accumulation of radiocaesium by macrofungi
Fungi as bioindicators of metal and radionuclide contamination
Mineral and metal transformations and environmental biotechnology
　Bioremediation
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Supplementary data
References