Gadd,G.M.(2007): Geomycology: biogeochemical transformations of rocks, minerals, metals and radionuclides by fungi, bioweathering and bioremediation. Mycological Research, 111, 3-49.

『地球菌類学:菌類による岩石・鉱物・金属・放射性核種の生物地球化学的変化および生物風化作用および生物による環境浄化』


Abstract
 The study of the role that fungi have played and are playing in fundamental geological processes can be termed ‘geomycology’ and this article seeks to emphasize the fundamental importance of fungi in several key areas. These include organic and inorganic transformations and element cycling, rock and mineral transformations, bioweathering, mycogenic mineral formation, fungi-clay interactions, metal-fungal interactions, and the significance of such processes in the environment and their relevance to areas of environmental biotechnology such as bioremediation. Fungi are intimately involved in biogeochemical transformations at local and global scales, and although such transformations occur in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, it is the latter environment where fungi probably have the greatest influence. Within terrestrial aerobic ecosystems, fungi may exert an especially profound influence on biogeochemical processes, particularly when considering soil, rock and mineral surfaces, and the plant-soil interface. The geochemical transformations that take place can influence plant productivity and the mobility of toxic elements and substances, and are therefore of considerable socio-economic relevance, including human health. Of special significance are the mutualistic symbioses, lichens and mycorrhizas. Some of the fungal transformations discussed have beneficial applications in environmental biotechnology, e.g. in metal leaching, recovery and detoxification, and zenobiotic and organic pollutant degradation. They may also result in adverse effects when these processes are associated with the degradation of food-stuffs, natural products, and building materials, including wood, stone and concrete. It is clear that a multidisciplinary approach is essential to understand fully all the phenomena encompassed within geomycology, and it is hoped that this review will serve to catalyse further research, as well as stimulate interest in an area of mycology of global significance.

Keywords: Carbonates; Clay minerals; Environmental biotechnology; Lichens; Mycorrhizas; Oxalates; Silicates』

Introduction
Organic matter degradation and biogeochemical cycling
Weathering processes
Fungi in rock and mineral habitats
Microbial processes influenced by minerals
Fungi in the terrestrial environment
Mechanisms of rock weathering by fungi
 Biomechanical deterioration
 Biochemical deterioration
Fungal symbioses in mineral transformations
 Lichens
 Mycorrhizas
Fungal deterioration of minerals, rocks and building stone
 Concrete biodeterioration in radioactive waste disposal
Mycogenic mineral formation
 Oxalates
 Carbonates
 Other mycogenic minerals Reduction or oxidation of metals and metalloids
Fungi-clay interactions
 Clay mineral formation and impact on soil properties
 Biological effects of clay minerals
 Fungi-clay mineral interactions in soil aggregation
 Clay and silicate weathering by fungi
Metal-fungi interactions
Fungal communities in metal-polluted soils and metal-rich environments
Physiological responses of fungi to toxic metals
Morphological strategies in response to toxic metals
Mecganisms of metal resistance and tolerance
Metal transformations
 Metal mobilization
 Metal immobilization
Accumulation of metals and radionuclides by macrofungi
Accumulation of radiocaesium by macrofungi
Fungi as bioindicators of metal and radionuclide contamination
Mineral and metal transformations and environmental biotechnology
 Bioremediation
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Supplementary data
References


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