『Abstract
　Erosion, river incision, and uplift rates in the northern and central Apennines, Italy, since 0.9 Ma, are determined from new cosmogenic nuclide data. Beryllium-10 concentrations in modern and middle Pleistocene sediments indicate erosion rates from 0.20 to 0.58 mm/yr. These rates are similar to estimates of sediment yield (0.12-0.44 mm/yr), river incision (0.35 mm/yr), and uplift (0.01-1.0 mm/yr) rates inferred from other methods that integrate landscape process rates since the early Pleistocene. These rates of landscape change are significantly lower than long-term exhumation rates of 〜1.2 mm/yr since ca. 4.5 Ma, inferred from thermochronometry. Collectively, these data suggest that hillslope erosion and river incision rates in the northern and central Apennines have balanced local uplift rates for 〜1 My, but that exhumation rates have slowed significantly since emergence of the mountain chain in the Pliocene. This condition of dynamic equilibrium was potentially achieved within ca. 3 Ma, similar to some model predictions of hillslope and fluvial system adjustment.

Keywords: Landscape evolution; dynamic equilibrium; cosmogenic nuclides; erosion; northern Apennines; Italy』

Introduction
Cosmogenic nuclide methods
　Millennial-scale erosion rates
　Burial ages and paleoerosion rates
　River incision rates
Site descriptions
　Romagna Apennines
　Esino River basin
　Sabbie Gialle
Results
　Modern erosion rates in the Romagna Apennines
　Paleoerosion and uplift rates in the Esino River basin
　Paleoerosion rates from the Sabbie Gialle
Discussion
　Short- and long-term sediment yield
　Fluvial incision rates
　Short- and long-term uplift rates
　Long-term dynamic equilibrium of the northern and central Apennines
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References cited