『Abstract
We investigated chemical weathering in a high elevation granitic
environment in three selected watersheds located in the Pyrenees
(France). The sites were located on glacial deposits derived from
similar Hercynian (〜300 Ma) granites characterized by the occurrence
of zoned plagioclases and trace calcic phases (epidote, prehnite,
sphene, apatite). The surface waters at those sites show high
Ca/Na molar ratios (>1) which could not be explained by the dissolution
of the major plagioclase (oligoclase) present in the rocks. The
coupled approach of investigating stream water chemistry and the
mineralogy and chemistry of rocks and soils allowed us to explore
the role of the weathering of trace calcic minerals in calcium
export at the watershed scale. The weathering of the trace calcic
minerals which represent 〜1% of the total rock volume are responsible
for more than 90% of the calcium export at the sites. Annual cationic
fluxes (〜23.104 eq/km2/yr) calculated for
the Esribere(最初のeの頭に´) watershed are among
the highest reported for high elevation systems draining granitic
rocks and 〜80% of this annual cationic flux can be attributed
to the weathering of trace calcic phases. Calculations based on
isotopic values (87Sr/86Sr) go in the same
direction. Except apatite, the trace calcic phases appear to be
mainly silicates, thus the type of chemical weathering observed
in the Esribere(最初のeの頭に´) watershed may have
an influence on atmospheric CO2 consumption
by granitic weathering. However, comparison with other watersheds
draining granitic environments worldwide, and with the two other
sites in the Pyrenees, indicate that the role of trace calcic
phases is important in most young environments exposed to chemical
weathering (e.g., high elevation catchments on glacial deposits).
Other factors such as the date of glacial retreat, the physical
denudation rate, the hydrological functioning of the watershed
and the nature and structure of the soil cover are also important.』
1. Introduction
2. Geological and geographical setting
2.1. The Esribere(最初のeの頭に´) watershed
2.2. The Bassies massif and the Escale stream
2.3. The Trois Seigneurs massif and its streams
2.4. Climatic and hydrological setting of the study
3. Material and methods
4. Results
4.1. Bedrock and soil mineralogy and chemistry
4.1.1. The Esribere(最初のeの頭に´) parental
monzogranite and soils
4.1.2. The Bassies parental monzogranite
4.1.3. The Trois Seigneur granodiorite
4.2. Stream water chemistry
5. Discussion
5.1. Input-output budget for the Esribere(最初のeの頭に´)
watershed
5.2. The molar Ca/Na ratios of granite weathering
5.3. Determination of the probable solute sources in the Esribere(最初のeの頭に´) watershed
5.3.1. Atmospheric “red dust” deposition
5.3.2. The occurrence of mylonitic assemblages
5.3.3. The effect of vegetation
5.4. The weathering of trace phases: The problem of mass balance
calculations
5.5. The weathering of trace phases: 87Sr/86Sr
investigations
5.6. Implications of the present study: Importance of mountainous
areas and the chemical weathering of trace phases in the global
co budget
6. Summary and conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Appendix 1. Chemical analysis of mineral from the Neouvielle
monzogranite.
Appendix 2. Chemical analysis of amphibole and allanite
from the Trois Segneurs granodiorite.