『Abstract
　Reactions between CO2-charged brines and reservoir minerals might either enhance the long-term storage of CO2 in geological reservoirs or facilitate leakage by corroding cap rocks and fault seals. Modelling the progress of such reactions is frustrated by uncertainties in the absolute mineral surface reaction rates and the significance of other rate limiting steps in natural systems. Here we use the chemical evolution of groundwater from the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone, part of a leaking natural accumulation of CO2 at Green River, Utah, in the Colorado Plateau, USA, to place constraints on the rates and potential controlling mechanisms of the mineral-fluid reactions, under elevated CO2 pressures, in a natural system.
　The progress of individual reactions, inferred from changes in groundwater chemistry is modelled using mass balance techniques. The mineral reactions are close to stoichiometric with plagioclase and K-feldspar dissolution largely balanced by precipitation of clay minerals and carbonate. Mineral modes, in conjunction with published surface area measurements and flow rates estimated from hydraulic head measurements, are then used to quantify the kinetics of feldspar dissolution. Maximum estimated dissolution rates for plagioclase and K-feldspar are 2×10^-14 and 4×10^-16 mol m^-2 s^-1, respectively.
　Fluid ion-activity products are close to equilibrium (e.g. ΔGr for plagioclase between -2 and -10 kJ/mol) and lie in the region in which mineral surface reaction rates show a strong dependence on ΔGr. Local variation in ΔGr is attributed to the injection and disassociation of CO2 which initially depresses silicate mineral saturation in the fluid, promoting feldspar dissolution. With progressive flow through the aquifer feldspar hydrolysis reactions consume H⁺ and liberate solutes to solution which increase mineral saturation in the fluid and rates slow as a consequence.
　The measured plagioclase dissolution rates at low ΔGr of 2×10^-14 mol m^-2 s^-1 would be compatible with far-from-equilibrium rates of 〜1×10^-13 mol m^-2 s^-1 as observed in some experimental studies. This suggests that the discrepancy between field and laboratory reaction rates may in part be explained by the differences in the thermodynamic state of natural and experimental fluids, with field-scale reactions occurring close to equilibrium whereas most laboratory experiments are run far-from-equilibrium.

Keywords: carbon sequestration; kinetics; feldspar dissolution; Gibbs free energy; Green River; Navajo Sandstone』

1. Introduction
2. Geology of Green River
　2.1. Natural CO2 reservoir systems
　2.2. Reservoir geology
3. Field sampling and experimental method
　3.1. Sample collection and analytical method
4. Hydrology
　4.1. Water sources for springs
　4.2. CO2 sources for springs
5. Calculating reactions and reaction rates
　5.1. Method - introduction
　5.2. Correction for brine inputs
　5.3. Flow paths
　5.4. Reaction progress
　5.5. Calculation of reaction rates
6. Discussion and results
　6.1. Flow paths, CO2 injection and chemical evolution
　6.2. Reaction rates
7. Approach to equilibrium - ΔGr
　7.1. Reaction rate - equilibrium relationships
　7.2. Uncertainties in reaction rates and solution saturation states
　7.3. Comparison of reaction rates with laboratory and field estimates
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Appendix A. Uncertainty analysis
Appendix B. Supplementary data
References