『Abstract
　Economic theories offer conflicting predictions about the influence of mineral wealth on poverty. This paper finds that after controlling for initial income, a state's dependence on mineral exports in 1970 is robustly associated with worsened conditions for the poor in the late 1990s. While both oil and nonfuel minerals are associated with poverty, the causal mechanisms are different: in states dependent on nonfuel minerals, the problem has been slow growth; in oil-dependent states, it has been the crowding-out of growth in the manufacturing sector, and a lack of democracy. Other types of primary commodities are not linked to poverty.

Keywords: Natural resource; Primary commodities; Minerals; Poverty; Growth.』

Introduction
1. Theoretical views
　Pessimistic hypotheses
　Optimistic hypotheses
　Previous studies
2. Measuring mineral dependence and poverty
3. The effect of mineral wealth on poverty
4. Causal mechanisms
5. Conclusion
References