『Abstract
　Environmentally significant phosphorus species in water and phosphorus fractions in sediments are briefly discussed and the methods for their determination are described. One of the most critical analytical steps is the separation of the different forms which, after conversion into orthophosphates, may be determined by a multitude of various techniques. spectrophotometric methods are often preferred for routine analysis. Several rapid automatic methods for the separation and determination of orthophosphate, linear polyphosphates, cyclic condensed phosphates and lower oxidation state anions of phosphates, which may exist in natural and waste waters, have been developed. They are mainly based on the use of flow-injection analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, including ion chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and a few other techniques. These methods have been described and critically evaluated.』

Introduction
Water analysis
Particulate phosphorus forms
Determination of phosphorus fractions in sediments
References

Table 1 Environmentally significant phosphorus fractions in water

Particulate	Total suspended phosphorus Suspended reactive phosphorus Suspended acid-hydrolysable phosphorus Suspended organic phosphorus
Dissolved	Total dissolved phosphorus Dissolved reactive phosphorus Dissolved acid-hydrolysable phosphorus Dissolved organic phosphorus

Table 2 Oxo acids of phosphorus

Formula	Abbreviation	Name of anion
H3PO4	P1	Orthophosphate
Polyphosphates (linear condensed phosphates) Hn+2PnO3n+1
H4P2O7	P2	Diphosphate
H5P3O10	P3	Triphosphate
H6P4O13	P4	Tetraphosphate
Cyclic condensed phosphates (metaphosphates) (HPO3)n
H3P3O9	P3m	Trimetaphosphate
H4P4O12	P4m	Tetrametaphosphate
Lower oxidation states
H3PO2	P1	Phosphinate
H3PO3	P3	Phosphonate
H4P2O6	P4-P4	Hypophosphate
H4P2O7	P3-O-P3	Diphosphonate
H4P2O6	P3-O-5	Isohypophosphate

Table3 Detection limits for phosphorus in the analysis of water samples（文献略）

Technique	Detection limit (μg/L)	Sample
Spectrophotometry (SP)	1-100	River water
	2-5	Tap water
	0.005*	Sea and lake waters
	0.1-400	Natural and tap waters
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA)	0.03*	River water
	0.006*	Nastural waters
Flame photometry	30	Tap, river and lake waters
Voltammetry	1-3	Natural and waste waters
Amperometric titration	2000	Natural waters
Potentiometric titration	40	Natural waters
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)	1-20	Natural waters
	0.5-0.005*	River and sea waters
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry	40	Natural waters
Electrothermal vaporization	0.3	Natural waters
Molecular fluorimetry	2-20	Natural and tap waters
Ion chromatography	10	Natural and tap waters
Liquid chromatography-SP	10	Natural waters
Flow-injection analysis (FIA)-SP	0.1-12	Natural waters
* After preconcentration.

Table 4 Concentration ranges for spectrophotometric methods

Method	Concentration range (μg/L)
Vanadomolybdophosphoric acid	0.1-20
Stannous chloride	0.007-2.0
Ascorbic acid	0.01-2.0

Table 8 Phosphorus fractions in sediments and their significance

Phosphorus fraction		Significance
1.	Total phosphorus	Indivative of total phosphorus burden
2.	Adsorbed phosphorus	Easily available fraction
3.	Non-apatitic phosphorus	Available phosphorus fraction in oxugen absence
4.	Apatitic phosphorus	Relatively stable and inert phosphorus fraction
5.	Organic phosphorus	Slowly but continuously available fraction
6.	Residual phosphorus	Not available under environmental conditions