『Abstract
　A geochemical proxy for surface ocean nutrient concentrations recorded in coral skeleton could provide new insight into the connections between sub-seasonal to centennial scale nutrient dynamics, ocean physics, and primary production in the past. Previous work showed that coralline P/Ca, a novel seawater phosphate proxy, varies synchronously with annual upwelling-driven cycles in surface water phosphate concentration. However, paired contemporaneous seawater phosphate time-series data, needed for rigorous calibration of the new proxy, were lacking. Here we present further development of the P/Ca proxy in Porites lutea and Montastrea sp. corals, showing that skeletal P/Ca in colonies from geographically distinct oceanic nutrient regimes is a linear function of seawater phosphate (PO4SW) concentration. Further, high-resolution P/Ca records in multiple colonies of Pavona gigantea and Porites lobata corals grown at the same upwelling locations in the Gulf of Panama（最後のaの頭に´） were strongly correlated to a contemporaneous time-series record of surface water PO4SW at this site (r² = 03.7-0.9). This study supports application of the following multi-colony calibration equations to down-core records from comparable upwelling sites, resulting in ±0.2 and ±0.1μmol/kg uncertainties in PO4SW reconstructions from P. lobata and P. gigantea, respectively.
　P./CaPorites lobata (μmol/mol) = (21.1±2.4) PO4SW (μmol/kg) + (14.3±3.8)
　P./CaPavona gigantea (μmol/mol) = (29.2±1.4) PO4SW (μmol/kg) + (33.4±2.7)
　Inter-colony agreement in P/Ca response to PO4SW was good (±5-12％ about mean calibration slope), suggesting that species-specific calibration slopes can be applied to new coral P/Ca records to reconstruct past changes in surface ocean phosphate. However, offsets in the y-intercepts of calibration regressions among co-located individuals and taxa suggest that biologically-regulated “vital effects” and/or skeletal extension rate may also affect skeletal P incorporation. Quantification of the effect of skeletal extension rate on P/Ca could lead to corrected calibration equations and improved inter-colony P/Ca agreement. Nevertheless, the efficacy of the P/Ca proxy is thus supported by both broad scale correlation to mean surface water phosphate and regional calibration against documented local seawater phosphate variations.』

1. Introduction
2. Methods
　2.1. Samples
　　2.1.1. Global P/Ca distribution
　　2.1.2. Local calibrations
　2.2. Analyses
　　2.2.1. Sample preparation
　　2.2.2. Statistical analysis
3. Results and discussion
　3.1. Global P/Ca distribution
　3.2. Multi-colony P/Ca calibration with in situ PO4SW concentration
　　3.2.1. Age model
　　3.2.2. Inter-colony calibration reproducibility
　　3.2.3. Inter-genus agreement
　3.3. Global distribution versus local calibration
　3.4. Other potential influences on P/Ca　
　　3.4.1. Extension rate
　　3.4.2. Temperature
　　3.4.3. Additional forms of seawater phosphorus
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Appendix A. Supplementary data
References