『Abstract
　Five re-circulating tracer well tests (RCTWTs) have been conducted in a variety of aquifer settings, at four sites across New Zealand. The tests constitute the first practical assessment of the two-well RCTWT methodology described by Burbery and Wang (Journal of Hufrology, 2010; 382: 163-173) and were aimed at evaluating nitrate reaction rates in situ. The performance of the RCTWTs differed significantly at the different sites. The RCTWT method performed well when it was applied to determine potential nitrate reaction rates in anoxic, electro-chemically reductive, nitrate-free aquifers of volcanic lithology, on the North Island, New Zealand. Regional groundwater flow was not fast-flowing in this setting. An effective first-order nitrate reaction rate in the region of 0.09 d^-1 to 0.26 d^-1 was determined from two RCTWTs applied at one site where a reaction rate of 0.37 d^-1 had previously been estimated from a push-pull test. The RCTWT method performed poorly, however, in a fast-flowing, nitrate-impacted fluvio-glacial gravel aquifer that was examined on the South Island, New Zealand. This setting was more akin to the hypothetical physiochemical problem described by Burbery and Wang (2010). although aerobic condition were identified as the primary reason for failure to measure any nitrate reaction in the gravel aquifer, failure to establish significant interflow in the re-circulation cell due to the heterogeneous nature of the aquifer structure, and natural variability exhibited in nitrate contaminant levels of the ambient groundwater further contributed to the poor performance of the test. Our findings suggest that in practice, environmental conditions are more complex than assumed by the RCTWT methodology, which compromises the practicability of the method as one for determining attenuation rates in groundwater based on tracing ambient contaminant levels. although limited, there appears to be a scope for RCTWTs to provide useful information on potential attenuation rates when reactants are supplemented to the aquifer system under examination.

Keywords: Re-circulating tracer well test; Nitrate reaction rate measurement; In situ; New Zealand』

1. Introduction
2. Methodology
　2.1. ECTWT design considerations
　2.2. Field site descriptions
　　2.2.1. North Island (volcanic lithology)
　　2.2.2. South Island (fluvio-glacial gravels)
　2.3. RCTWT procedures
　2.4. Determination of first-order rate coefficients
3. Experimental results
　2.1. North Island (volcanic sands)
　3.2. South Island (fluvio-glacial gravels)
4. Discussion
　4.1. Hydraulics
　4.2. Nitrate reaction
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References