『Abstract
　Ammonium/ammonia is an essential nutrient and energy source to support life in oceanic and terrestrial hydrothermal systems. Thus the stability of ammonium is crucial to determine the habitability or ecological structure in hydrothermal environments, but still not well understood. To date, the lack of constraints on nitrogen isotope fractionations between ammonium and ammonia has limited the application of nitrogen isotopes to trace (bio)geochemical processes in such environments. In this study, we carried out laboratory experiments to (1) examine the stability of ammonium in an ammonium sulfate solution under temperature conditions from 20 to 70℃ and pH from 2.1 to 12.6 and (2) determine nitrogen isotope fractionation between ammonium and ammonia.
　Our experimental results show that ammonium is stable under the experimental temperatures when pH is less than 6. In experiments with starting pH greater than 8, significant ammonium was lost as a result of dissociation of ammonium and degassing of ammonia product. Nitrogen concentrations in the fluids decreased by more than 50% in the first two hours, indicating extremely fast effusion rates of ammonia. This implies that ammonium at high pH fluids (e.g., Lost City Hydrothermal Vents, Oman ophiolite hyperalkaline springs) may not be stable. Habitable environments may be more favorable at the leading edge of a pH gradient toward more acidic conditions, where the fluid can efficiently trap any ammonia transferred from a high pH vent. Although modeling shows that high temperature, low pH hydrothermal vents (e.g., Rainbow hydrothermal vent) may have the capability to retain ammonium, their high temperatures may limit habitability. The habitable zone associated with such a hydrothermal vent is likely at the lower front of a temperature gradient. In contrast, modeling of ammonium in deep terrestrial systems, suggests that saline fracture waters in crystalline rocks such as described in the Canadian Shield and in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa may also provide habitable environments for life.
　The nitrogen isotope results of remaining ammonium from the partial dissociation experiments fit well with a batch equilibrium model, indicating equilibrium nitrogen isotope fractionations have been reached between ammonium and its dissociation product aqueous ammonia. Modeling yielded nitrogen isotope fractionations between ammonium and aqueous ammonia were 45.4‰ at 23℃, 37.7‰ at 50℃, and 33.5‰ at 70℃, respectively. A relationship between nitrogen equilibrium isotope fractionation and temperature is determined for the experimental temperature range as:
　10³・lnαNH4⁺-NH3(aq) = 25.94 ×(10³/T) - 42.25
　Integrated with three previous theoretical estimates on nitrogen isotope equilibrium fractionations between ammonium and gaseous ammonia, we achieved three possible temperature-dependent nitrogen isotope equilibrium fractionation between aqueous ammonia and gaseous ammonia:
　(1)　10³・lnαNH3(aq)-NH3(gas) = 13.73 ×(10³/T) - 30.76
　(2)　10³・lnαNH3(aq)-NH3(gas) = 13.54 ×(10³/T) - 30.51
　(3)　10³・lnαNH3(aq)-NH3(gas) = 12.88 ×(10³/T) - 36.00
　These calibrations provide a new tool to contribute to the study of nitrogen cycling under low temperature subsurface conditions.』

1. Introduction
2. Experiments and methods
　2.1. Oven drying protocol tests
　2.2. Degassing experiments
　2.3. nitrogen concentration and isotope composition analyses
3. Results and discussion
　3.1. Oven drying protocol tests
　3.2. Ammonium stability and ammonia degassing
　3.3. nitrogen isotope fractionation of NH4⁺-NH3(aq)-NH3(gas) systems
4. Potential applications to habitable environments in hydrothermal systems
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Appendix A
References