『Abstract
This paper reviews simplified process models for denitrification.
More than fifty models were considered. The majority of these
(simple) models are based on potential denitrification - either
measured as a soil's property or computed from organic C dynamics
- or consider denitrification as a first-order decay process.
As it is generally accepted that environmental soil conditions
affect the denitrification process, reduction functions are used.
Although denitrification is truly driven by the non-availability
of oxygen, most authors argue that oxygen dynamics in soil is
hard to simulate (or to measure). Therefore, water content is
used as a complementary for oxygen diffusion. The higher the water
content, the less oxygen will be present. Other factors that influence
denitrification are nitrate-nitrogen content, soil temperature
and soil acidity (pH). The availability of easily decomposable
organic carbon determines the value of potential denitrification
or the first-order decay rate constant. Although there seems to
be consensus about the mathematical formulation of the simple
process model, the shapes of the reduction functions differ largely
between the models, especially for the water content reduction
function. From a sensitivity analysis it follows that the model
is most sensitive to the parameters of the water content reduction
function, indicating that these parameters and the water content
must be determined with great accuracy.
Keywords: Actual denitrification; Elasticity; Potential denitrification;
Reduction functions; Sensitivity analysis』
1. Introduction
2. General formulation of a simple denitrification model
2.1. Actual denitrification Da
2.2. The parameter α
2.2.1. α represents potential denitrification
2.2.2. α represents a first-order denitrification coefficient
2.3. Nitrate content reduction function fN
2.3.1. Special cases
2.4. On first-order decay versus potential denitrification concepts
2.5. Water content reduction function fS
2.5.1. Special cases
2.6. Soil temperature reduction function fT
2.7. Soil pH reduction function fpH
3. Sensitivity analysis
3.1. Elasticity
3.2. Random soil conditions
3.3. Monte-Carlo analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Appendix A. Listing of models that are different from Eq. (1)
References
|
|
|
| ADAPT | Desmond et al.(1995) |
| ANIMO | Groenendijk and Kroes (1999) |
| BAMO, BAMO2 | Doring（oの頭に¨） et al.(1993) |
| Boundary line model, 1 | Bergstrom and Meauchamp (1993) |
| Boundary line model, 2 | Elliott and de Jong (1993) |
| CANDY | Franko et al.(1995) |
| CERES | Godwin and Jones (1991) |
| ib. in DSSAT | Godwin and Singh (1998) |
| Colbourn | Colbourn (1993) |
| COUPMODEL | Jannson and Karlberg (2001) |
| CREAMS | Knisel (1980) as given by Marchetti et al.(1997) |
| CREAMS-NT | Deizman and Mostaghimi (1991) |
| CRISP | Nielsen et al.(1999) |
| CROPSYST | Stockle（oの頭に¨） and Nelson (1995) as gven Marchetti et al.(1997) |
| DAISY | Hansen et al. (1990, 1991) |
| DAYCENT | Del Grosso et al.(2001) , Parton et al.(2001) |
| DRAINMOD-N | Breve（後のeの頭に´） et al.(1997) |
| EPIC | Sharply and Williams (1990) as given by Marchetti et al.(1997) |
| EXPERT-N | Priesack et al.(2001) |
| GLEAMS | Leonard et al.(1987) as given by Marchetti et al.(1997) |
| Grundmann and Rolston | Grundmann and Rolston (1987) |
| HERMES | Kersebaum (1995), Kersebaum and Beblik (2001) |
| IMPACT | Andrews et al.(1997) |
| LASCAM-NP | Viney et al.(2000) |
| LEACHM | Wagenet and Hutson (1989) as given by Ramos and Carbonell (1991) |
| LEACHMN | Sogbedi et al.(2001) |
| Lippold and Latzel | Lippold and Matzel (1992) |
| MATHILD | Lafolie (1991), Lafolie et al.(1997) |
| MELEF | Morell et al.(1996) |
| MINERVA | Kersebaum (1995), Kersebaum and Beblik (2001) |
| NCSOIL | Molina et al.(1983) |
| NCSWAP | Clay et al.(1985) |
| NEMIS | Henault（後のeの頭に´） and Germon (2000) |
| NGAS | Parton et al.(1996) |
| NICCCE | Van Dam and van Breemen (1995) |
| NITDEN | Conijn and Heinen (2001), Conijn (2002) |
| NITS | Birkinshaw and Ewen (2000) |
| NITWAT | McIssac et al.(1993) |
| NLEAP, NLOS | Shaffer et al.(1991, 2001), Xu et al.(1998), Bittman et al.(2001) |
| NUCM | Sogn and Abrahamsen (1997) |
| NUCSAM | Kros (2002) |
| REMM | Inamdar et al.(1999) |
| RENLEM | Kragt and de Vries (1989) |
| RESAM | De Vries et al.(1988, 1994, 1995), Kros (2002) |
| SMART2 | Kros (2002) |
| SOILN | Johnsson et al.(1987, 1991) |
| SOILN-modified | Vold et al.(1999) |
| SONICG | Bril et al.(1994) |
| STIC | Brisson et al.(2003) |
| STOTRASIM | Feichtinger (1996) |
| SUNDIAL | Bradbury et al.(1993) |
| SWAP | Van Dam et al.(1997) |
| SWATNIT | Vereecken et al.(1990, 1991) |
| AWMS_2D | Simunek et al.(1994) |
| WANISIM | Antonopoulos and Wyseure (1998) |
| WASMOD | Reiche (1994, 1996) |
| WATRCOM | Parsons et al.(1998) |
| WAVE | Vanclooster et al.(1996) |
| WHNSIM | Huwe (1993), Huwe and Totsche (1995) |