『Abstract
In the present investigation, an effort has been made to identify
the critical sub-watersheds for the development of best management
plan for a small watershed of Eastern India using a hydrological
model, namely, AVSWAT 2000. A total of 180 combinations of various
management treatments including crops (rice, maize ground nut
and soybean), tillage (zero, conservation, field cultivator, mold
board plough and conventional practices) and fertilizer levels
(existing half of recommended and recommended) have been evaluated.
The investigation reveled that rice cannot be replaced by other
crops such as groundnut, maize, mungbean, sorghum and soybean
since comparatively these crops resulted in higher sediment yield.
The tillage practices with disk plough have been found to have
more impact on sediment yield and nutrient losses than conventional
tillage practices for the existing level of fertilizer. Sediment
yield decreased in the case of zero tillage, conservation tillage,
field cultivator, mold-board plough, and conservation tillage
as compare to conventional tillage. Lowest NO3-N
loss was observed in zero tillage in all the fertilizer treatments,
whereas field cultivator, moldboard plough and disk plough resulted
in increase of NO3-N loss. As compared to
conventional tillage, the losses of soluble phosphorus were increased
in moldboard plough. The losses of organic nitrogen were also
increased as fertilizer does increased. After zero tillage the
conservation tillage preformed better in all the fertilizer treatments
as per loss of organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus is concerned.
It can be concluded that the sediment yield was found to be the
highest in the case of disk plough followed by moldboard plough,
field cultivator, conventional tillage, field cultivator and least
in zero tillage practices. The nutrient losses were found to be
in different order with tillage practices, resulted highest in
disk plough tillage practices. In view of sediment yield and nutrient
losses, the conservation tillage practice was found to be the
best as the sediment yield is less than the average soil loss
whereas nutrient loss is within in permissible limit.
Keywords: AVSWAT; GIS; NPS pollution; Remote sensing; Watershed
management』
Introduction
Theoretical considerations of the AVSWAT 2000 model
Materials and methods
Study area and data collection
Data availability
Spatial database generation
Model input parameter
Sensitivity analysis
Goodness-of-fit criteria for evaluation of SWAT model
Model calibration and validation
Identification and prioritization of the critical sub-watersheds
Evaluation of BMPs for prioritized sub-watersheds
Tillage implements and crops considered for effective management
Fertility status of the soils of the watershed
Results and discussion
Identification and prioritization of critical sub-watersheds
Simulation of nutrient losses
Effective management
Fertilizer and tillage effect on crop yield, runoff, sediment
yield and nutrient losses
Effect of tillage on nutrient losses
Nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) in runoff
Soluble phosphorus in runoff
Organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus in sediment
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References