『Abstract
　Increased study of submarine groundwater systems in recent years has provided a wealth of new data and techniques, but some ambiguity has been introduced by insufficient distinguishing of the relevant spatial scales of the phenomena studied. Submarine groundwater flow and discharge on passive continental margins can be most productively studied and discussed by distinct consideration of the following three spatial scales: (1) the nearshore scale, spanning approximately 0-10 m offshore and including the unconfined surficial aquifer; (2) the embayment scale, spanning approximately 10 m to as much as 10 km offshore and including the first confined submarine aquifer and its terminus; and (3) the shelf scale, spanning the width and thickness of the aquifers of the entire continental shelf, from the base of the first confined aquifer downward to the basement, and including influences of geothermal convection and glacio-eustatic change in sea level.』

Introduction
Nearshore scale
Embayment scale
Shelf scale
Integration of scales
Ecological significance
Implications for ancient processes
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References cited

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the nearshore scale of submarine groundwater flow and discharge showing the intertidal recirculation cell and the zone of discharge of reduced-salinity water beyond the low-tide line. The widths and thicknesses of the zones of flow and discharge shown could vary significantly on the basis of local conditions. Figure 4. Summary diagram showing the three proposed spatial scales and the boundaries around the entire submarine groundwater flow and discharge system. Bratton(2010)による『The three scales of submarine groundwater flow and discharge across passive continental margins』から