『Abstract
A total of 1785 European bottled water samples were analyzed
using standard laboratory methods. The bottled water samples were
purchased in 2008 at supermarkets throughout 40 European countries.
The samples were analyzed for 71 chemical parameters (As, Al,
As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe,
Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, ho, I, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb,
Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti,
Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr, Br-, HCO3-,
Cl-, F-, NH4+,
NO2-, NO3-,
PO43-, SO42-,
SiO2, pH, and EC) by quadruple inductively
coupled emission spectroscopy (ICP-QMS, trace elements), inductively
coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES, major elements),
ion chromatography (IC, anions), atomic fluorescence spectrometry
(AFS, Hg), titration (alkalinity), photometric methods (NH4+), potentiometric method (pH), and
conductometric methods (specific electrical conductivity, EC).
A very strict quality control procedure was followed by analysing
blanks, international reference materials, an internal project
standard, and duplicate analyses, as well as by analysing 23 elements
by both ICP-QMS and ICP-AES. Analysis of marketed bottled water
from springs, wells or boreholes, apart from the evaluation of
its quality with respect to inorganic elements, it may provide
a cheap alternative to obtain a first impression about groundwater
chemistry at the European scale.
keywords: ICP-QMS; ICP-AES; IC; AFS; Titration method; Photometric
method; Trace and major elements; Anions; Mineral water; Tap water;
Quality control』
1. Introduction
2. Materials
3. laboratories and instrumentation
3.1. ICP-QMS analyses
3.2. ICP-AES analyses
3.3. Ion chromatography (IC)
3.4. Photometric analyses
3.5. Titration method
3.6. Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS)
4. Laboratory procedure
5. Quality control
6. Overview and conclusions
References