『Abstract
Based upon the results from extensive building monitoring and
surveys on occupant's behaviors in a representative nine-story
apartment building in northern China, building energy simulations
were performed to evaluate the impacts of integrative retrofits
implemented. Integrative retrofits required by the newer building
energy standard produced significant heating-energy savings (i.e.,
53%) when compared with baseline buildings commonly built in early
1980s. Taking into account district-heating-system upgrades as
part of integrative retrofit measures, a representative apartment
building was 66% more efficient than the baseline building. Contrary
to expectation, little behavioral change was found in response
to the provisions of monetary incentive, billing-method reform,
or metering of heating energy use in individual apartment units.
Yet this paper identified sizable energy savings potential if
occupants' behavioral changes were to actually happen. This indicates
that provisions of financial incentives or individual metering
were insufficient for triggering substantial behavioral changes
leading toward more energy savings in the current buildings. It
is recommended that innovative energy policies, technology upgrades,
and education would be needed to promote behavioral changes toward
additional energy savings. Finally, measures and strategies to
further enhance thermal integrity criteria (e.g., insulations
of roof and balcony) are recommended in China's future building
energy policy reforms.
Keywords: Integrative retrofits; Residential building energy;
Policy reform』
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Input of simulation model
3.1.1. Geometry and thermal zones
3.1.2. Measured internal loads and schedules
3.2. Model calibrations using field measurements
3.2.1. Measured data and extrapolation
3.2.2. Model calibrations
3.3. Occupant behaviors associated with integrative retrofit
technologies and energy incentive policy
3.3.1. Occupant behaviors associated with technologies
3.3.2. Occupant behaviors associated with energy incentive policy
3.4. Impacts on energy savings
3.4.1. Baseline case - No insulation
3.4.2. Elimination of morning natural ventilation
3.4.3. Temperature setback at nights and unoccupied hours
3.4.4. Elimination of morning natural ventilation and temperature
setback
4. Conclusions and recommendations
References