Xu,P., Xu,T. and Shen,P.(2013): Energy and behavioral impacts of integrative retrofits for residential buildings: What is at stake for building energy policy reforms in northern China? Energy Policy, 52, 667-676.

『住宅建築物に対する統合改造のエネルギーと適応性の影響:中国北部の建築物エネルギー政策改革にとって何が問題か?』


Abstract
 Based upon the results from extensive building monitoring and surveys on occupant's behaviors in a representative nine-story apartment building in northern China, building energy simulations were performed to evaluate the impacts of integrative retrofits implemented. Integrative retrofits required by the newer building energy standard produced significant heating-energy savings (i.e., 53%) when compared with baseline buildings commonly built in early 1980s. Taking into account district-heating-system upgrades as part of integrative retrofit measures, a representative apartment building was 66% more efficient than the baseline building. Contrary to expectation, little behavioral change was found in response to the provisions of monetary incentive, billing-method reform, or metering of heating energy use in individual apartment units. Yet this paper identified sizable energy savings potential if occupants' behavioral changes were to actually happen. This indicates that provisions of financial incentives or individual metering were insufficient for triggering substantial behavioral changes leading toward more energy savings in the current buildings. It is recommended that innovative energy policies, technology upgrades, and education would be needed to promote behavioral changes toward additional energy savings. Finally, measures and strategies to further enhance thermal integrity criteria (e.g., insulations of roof and balcony) are recommended in China's future building energy policy reforms.

Keywords: Integrative retrofits; Residential building energy; Policy reform』

1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
 3.1. Input of simulation model
  3.1.1. Geometry and thermal zones
  3.1.2. Measured internal loads and schedules
 3.2. Model calibrations using field measurements
  3.2.1. Measured data and extrapolation
  3.2.2. Model calibrations
 3.3. Occupant behaviors associated with integrative retrofit technologies and energy incentive policy
  3.3.1. Occupant behaviors associated with technologies
  3.3.2. Occupant behaviors associated with energy incentive policy
 3.4. Impacts on energy savings
  3.4.1. Baseline case - No insulation
  3.4.2. Elimination of morning natural ventilation
  3.4.3. Temperature setback at nights and unoccupied hours
  3.4.4. Elimination of morning natural ventilation and temperature setback
4. Conclusions and recommendations
References


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