『Abstract
　The market-oriented reform in electricity industry has become a global trend since 1980s. Although China's electricity industry has been reformed since 1978, the substantial reform has not been conducted until 1985. Before 1985, China's power industry had been absolutely monopolized by the central state-owned companies. The absolute monopoly has been broken since 1985, when the Chinese government opened doors for non-central state-owned investment entities and foreign investors in power supplies in order to solve the chronic power shortage. In 2002, the comprehensive electricity reform plan entitled Scheme of the Reform for Power Industry was enacted. However, implementation of this plan was delayed due to electricity supply shortages. Even worse, a new kind of monopoly has been developed under the background “the state advances, the private sector retreats” in late years. In some sense, the former absolute monopoly has transformed the current relative monopoly. We contend that the relative monopoly has reversed the market-oriented reform in China's electric industry. If the relative monopoly remains unchanged, it will be harmful to public welfare.

Keywords: China's electricity; Market-oriented reform; Absolute and relative monopoly』

1. Introduction
2. Background information of China's electricity
3. China's electricity reform: back to the starting point
　3.1. Absolute monopoly (1949-1985)
　3.2. Breaking absolute monopoly (1985-1997)
　　3.2.1. Expand generation capacity
　　3.2.2. Enterprising state monopoly (1997-2002)
　　3.2.3. Dismantled state monopoly (2002)
　3.3. Relative monopoly (since 2003)
4. The effects of relative monopoly
　4.1. Market mechanism distortion
　4.2. Harmful to public welfare
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References

Fig. 1. China’s power installed capacity/GW. (Sources: Wang, 2010; China Electricity Council, 2011). Fig. 2. (A) The location of coal miner and main power　consumption;　(B) the location of nuclear power, (C) the location of hydropower basis and (D) China’sseven individual grid systems. (Sources: Wang et al., 2009) Wang. and Chen(2012)による『China's electricity market-oriented reform: From an absolute to a relative monopoly』から