『Abstract
　Despite high-speed economic growth in recent decades, rural China is still confronted with persisting poverty, alongside energy shortages and environmental degradation. In tackling climate change, carbon emissions from rural energy use have been given little attention up till now. This paper provides an analysis of rural residential CO2 emissions in China based on diverse accounting methods, and employs the geographic information system (GIS) to map emissions of each province. Identifying the major emission sources could provide a basis for understanding the potential for greenhouse gas emission reduction and proposing related policy recommendations. The results showed that the largest GHG mitigation potential can be found at traditional biomass use among residents. Four emission reduction policy strategies are identified: (i) shifting to commercial energy; (ii) furthering the use of decentralized renewable energy options; (iii) commercializing biomass energy via biomass power generation, biomass briquettes and biogas production; (iv) improving the combustion efficiency of traditional biomass use in household appliances. Differences in resource endowment and local economic conditions created varied levels of rural residential greenhouse gas emission, the related mitigation potential, and the kinds of strategies and policies that need to be developed in the Chinese provinces.

Keywords: CO2 emission; Rural residential energy; Biomass』

1. Introduction
2. Overview of rural residential energy consumption
　2.1. Rural residential energy use
　2.2. Related rural energy policies
3. Accounting methodologies
　3.1. Data sources
　3.2. CO2 emission accounting for commercial energy
　3.3. CO2 emission accounting for traditional biomass combustion
4. Differentiated rural CO2 emissions from energy
　4.1. A comparison with urban residential carbon emission
　4.2. Internal structure of rural emissions
5. Policy options
6. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Appendix A
References

Fig. 1. Rural and urban residential energy consumption per capita. Note: data on non-commercial energy consumption in 2008 and 2009 is absent. Data sources: China Energy Statistical Yearbook(2001.2010) and Zhang et al.(2009a). Fig. 2. Source structure of rural residential energy use. Data sources: China’s Rural Energy Statistical Yearbook(2000.2008). Fig. 3. Rural and urban residential CO2 emission percapita(kgCO2/p) calculated based on data from China Energy Statistical Yearbook(2001.2010)). Fig. 4. Provincial rural and urban residential CO2 emission per capita in mainland China in 2007(calculated based on data from China’s Energy Statistical Yearbook 2008). Fig. 5. Total rural residential CO2 emissions from commercial and non-commercial energy sources in each province of mainland China for 2007 (calculated based on Appendix A and data from China’s Energy Statistical Yearbook 2008). Fig. 6. The major sources of rural residential CO2 emissions in each province of mainland Chinain 2007 (calculated based on Appendix A and data from China’s Energy Statistical Yearbook 2008). Table A1 Estimated amount of traditional biomass consumption for residential use in each province in 2007(104 t). Data source: China’s Rural Energy Statistical Yearbook 2008 Liu et al.(2012)による『Rural residential CO2 emissions in China: Where is the major mitigation potential?』から