Ren,H.,Zhou,W., Gao,W. and Wu,Q.(2011): Promotion of energy conservation in developing countries through the combination of ESCO and CDM: A case study of introducing distributed energy resources into Chinese urban area. Energy Policy, 39, 8125-8136.

『エネルギーサービス会社とクリーン開発メカニズムの組合せを通じた途上国の省エネの促進：中国の都市域への分散型エネルギー資源の導入の事例研究』

『Abstract
　The implementation of an energy service company (ESCO) project in developing countries may result not only in reduced energy cost but also in considerable environmental benefits, including the reduction of CO2 emissions, which can be assessed in an economic manner under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) scheme. In this way, the economic and environmental benefits of energy conservation activities can be enjoyed by both the investor and the end-user, which can reduce the investment risk and realize a rational profit allocation. This study presents a numerical analysis of the introduction of distributed energy resources (DER) into a Chinese urban area. An optimization model is developed to determine the energy system combination under the constraints on the electrical and thermal balances and equipment availability. According to the simulation results, the introduction of DER systems possesses considerable potential to reduce CO2 emissions, especially when considering that the economic profit of the CO2 credit will increase the incentive to adopt DER systems to an even greater extent. Furthermore, by sharing the energy cost savings with the investors under an ESCO framework, the investment risk can be further reduced, and the conditions required for the project to qualify for CDM can be relaxed.

Keywords: ESCO and CDM; Profit allocation; Distributed energy resource』

1. Introduction
2. Necessity and feasibility to reform the conventional ESCO and CDM frameworks
　2.1. Necessity to reform the conventional ESCO framework
　2.2. Necessity to reform the conventional CDM framework
　2.3. Synergy and similarity of the ESCO and CDM frameworks
3. Methodologies
　3.1. The concept of a combination between ESCOs and CDMs
　3.2. Modeling of a distributed energy system from an international perspective
　3.3. Analytical model for introducing distributed energy systems
　　3.3.1. Main constraints
　　3.3.2. Objective functions
　　3.3.3. Main evaluation criteria
4. Numerical study
　4.1. Assumptions of the research object
　4.2. Scenario description
5. Results and discussions
　5.1. Optimal adoption results
　5.2. Influence of domestic and international factors
　　5.2.1. Influence of domestic policy: electricity buy-back
　　5.2.2. Influence of the international market: CER price
　5.3. Measures for profit allocation
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References

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