Le Billon,P.(2001): The political ecology of war: natural resources and armed conflicts. Political Geography, 20, 561-584.

『戦争のポリティカル・エコロジー:天然資源と武力紛争』


Abstract
 Throughout the 1990s, many armed groups have relied on revenues from natural resources such as oil, timber, or gems to substitute for dwindling Cold War sponsorship. Resources not only financed, but in some cases motivated conflicts, and shaped strategies of power based on the commercialisation of armed conflict and the territorialisation of sovereignty around valuable resource areas and trading networks. As such, armed conflict in the post-Cold War period is increasingly characterised by a specific political ecology closely linked to the geography and political economy of natural resources. This paper examines theories of relationships between resources and armed conflicts and the historical processes in which they are embedded. It stresses the vulnerability resulting from resource dependence, rather than conventional notions of scarcity or abundance, the risks of violence linked to the conflictuality of natural resource political economics, and the opportunities for armed insurgents resulting from the lootability of resources. Violence is expressed in the subjugation of the rights of people to determine the use of their environment and the brutal patterns of resource extraction and predation. Beyond demonstrating the economic agendas of belligerents, an analysis of the linkages between natural resources ad armed conflicts suggests that the criminal character of their inclusion in international primary commodity markets responds to an exclusionary form of globalisation; with major implications for the promotion of peace.

Keywords: Armed conflict; Dependence; Natural resources; Political ecology; War』

Introduction
Scarcity, abundance, and the political ecology of resource-linked armed conflicts
 Resource dependence and vulnerability to armed conflict
 Resource conflictuality and risk of armed conflict
 Resource lootability and opportunities in armed conflicts
A typology of resource-linked armed conflicts
 Resources and violent state control
 Resources and violent secession
Inclusion, exclusion and criminalisation
Impeding peace
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References


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