『(Abstract)
　This article empirically examines how natural resources affect the severity of armed civil conflict. It finds that drug cultivation in the conflict area is associated with less severe conflicts but that gemstone mining and oil and gas in the conflict zone production increase the severity of conflicts. Most severe are secessionist conflicts in regions with hydrocarbon production. Interestingly, oil and gas production outside the conflict zones is related to less severe conflicts. Measured at the country level, none of the resource variables has an effect on conflict severity. These results have four implications. First, availability of natural resources affects the severity of armed civil conflict. Second, the location of resources is crucial to their impact on conflict. Third, the type of resource matters. Above all, it seems that natural resources affect conflict severity by altering incentives for both the rebel group and the state.

Keywords: civil war; conflict severity; natural resources; diamonds; oil』

(Introduction)
Natural resources and the severity of conflict
Hypotheses
　　Hypothesis 1: Natural resources have an effect on conflict severity when located in the same region as the conflict.
　　Hypothesis 2: Gemstone production in the conflict zone is related to less intensive conflicts.
　　Hypothesis 3: Drug cultivation in the conflict zone is related to less severe conflicts.
　　Hypothesis 4: Oil and gas prouction in the conflict zone is related to more severe conflicts.
　　Hypothesis 5: Oil and gas production outside the conflict zone is related to less severe conflicts.
Data
　Resource data
　Dependent variables
　Control variables
　　Variables specific to the conflict zone
　　Other conflict characteristics
　　Variables measured at the country level
　　Conflict duration
Analysis
　Natural resources and the total number of combat-related deaths
　Intensity of conflict
　Secessionist aspirations, hydrocarbon production, and conflict severity
　Robustness checks
Discussion of the main results
Notes
References

Table 1. Total combat deaths and conflict duration of armed civil conflict, 1946-2002: Median and mean estimates by type and location of natural resources

	N	％	Combat deaths		Duration (Years)
			Median	Mean	Median	Mean
All conflicts	258	100	800	20,000	1.9	5.2
Hydrocarbons (Crude oil and natural gas)
Conflicts in countries with production	159	62	950	21,000	2.0	6.1
Conflicts in regions with production	75	29	2,100	37,000	1.8	7.8
Conflicts in countries with production outside conflict zone(s)	129	50	700	9,000	2.0	4.9
Gemstonesa
Conflicts in countries with production	122	47	1,000	28,000	1.4	6.6
Conflicts in regions with production	60	23	1,700	49,000	4.0	9.5
Drugs (Coca, opium, cannabis)
Conflicts in countries with cultivation	78	30	1,000	21,000	4.0	8.7
Conflicts in regions with cultivation	34	13	1,000	28,000	3.3	9.4
a Includes secondary diamonds and other gemstones such as rubies, sapphires, emeralds, and jade. Primary diamond production excluded.

Table 2. Total combat deaths and average annual death rate of armed civil conflict, 1946-2002: Median and mean estimates by conflict duration

Duration	N	Combat deaths		Intensity
		Median	Mean	Median	Mean
＜10 days	43	150	400	26,000	74,000
10-30 days	13	200	6,000	3,300	184,000
1-6 months	18	850	2,000	2,000	6,000
6-12 months	33	150	3,000	250	4,000
1-5 years	76	700	24,000	250	7,000
5-10 years	32	7,000	31,000	900	4,000
10-20 years	27	18,000	34,000	1,400	2,000
20-30 years	10	35,000	111,000	1,500	4,000
＞30 years	6	17,000	16,000	400	400