『Abstract
　Environmental or ‘ecological’ footprints have been widely used in recent years as indicators of resource consumption and waste absorption on the basis of biologically productive land area required per capita with prevailing technology. Such footprints represent a partial measure of the extent to which the planet, its regions, or nations are moving along a sustainable development pathway. They vary between countries at different stages of economic development and varying geographic characteristics. The determinants of environmental footprints in some 113b countries from around the world have been evaluated. Dimensional analysis techniques from engineering and the physical sciences are employed to determine the relative significance of population density, economic wealth, and intensity of pollutant emission. Variations about the resulting ‘power-law’ correlation suggest the extent to which individual nations are currently frugal or profligate in terms of their resource use and environmental impacts. The scatter associated with footprints, or closely related parameters, also indicates the uncertainty inherent within the international datasets needed to compute them, as well as differences in local climate and terrain. Nevertheless, national footprints alert humanity to the necessity of living within the regenerative capacity of the biosphere in order to ensure ‘environmental sustainability’.

Keywords: Environmental footprints; Resource use; Carbon emissions; International development; Sustainability』

1. Introduction
2. The sustainable development context
3. Methods
　3.1. Environmental footprint analysis: The background
　3.2. Environmental footprints of nation States
4. Results and discussion
　4.1. The determinants of national environmental footprints
　4.2. Overshooting national carrying capacity
　4.3. Some implications for international negotiations on greenhouse gas emissions
5. Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References

• National environmental footprints (ef) = function {population density (PD), economic wealth (GNI), energy intensity (EI), and carbon emissions ratio (CR)}
• ef = constant {PD^m GNIⁿ EI^p CR^q}
• Population size in millions and land area in km² from the WWF (Loh, 2002)
• Per capita GNI in international dollars from the World Bank's World Development Report 2002
• Primary energy use in EJ from BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2004
• CO2 emissions in Mt, also from the World Bank (2002)
• ef = 0.00658 PD^-1/4 GNI^2/3

Figure 4. The determinants of humanity's environmental footprint. Solid line: correlation equation for prescribed population densities. World Bank categorisation of States: high income ▼; medium income ●; low income ▲ (The World Bank, 2002). Selected countries identified. 〔Hammond,G.P.(2006): ‘People, planet and prosperity’: The determinants of humanity's environmental footprint. Natural Resources Forum, 30, 27-36.から〕

• British Petroleum(2004): BP Statistical Review of World Energy. BP plc, London, June 2004..
• Loh,J.(Ed.)(2002): Living Planet Report 2002. WWF International, Gland, Switzerland.
• Loh,J.(Ed.)(2004): Living Planet Report 2004. WWF International, Gland, Switzerland.
• Jorgensen（oには/を付ける）,A.E., Vigsoe（oには/を付ける）,D., Kristoffersen,A. and Rubin,O.(2002): Assessing the Ecological Footprint: A Look at the WWF's Living Planet Report 2002. Danish Environmental Assessment Institute, Copenhagen.
• World Bank(2002): World Development Report 2002: Building Institutions for Markets. Oxford University Press, Oxford.