『Abstract
The Siberian craton was affected by more voluminous plume events
during last 1200 Ma than any other craton on the Earth. These
events produced many economically important deposits, of which
the tectonic setting of diamond deposits and related alkaline
magmatism is analysed in this paper. In space and time, they can
be grouped into several subprovinces: Meso- to Neoproterozoic
Yenisei-Sayan; Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous Vilyui; Permo-Triassic
Tunguska; Late Jurassic Olenek; and Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous
Aldan.
Regardless of their age and subprovince affinity, the alkaline
intrusions, including kimberlites, preferentially occur within
the Archean granulite-gneiss terranes, forming a north-south-trending
‘Central Horde’, framed by Archean granite-greenstone terranes.
These terranes in the basement of the Siberian craton constitute
Tungus-Anabar and Aldan domains of similar composition, sinistrally
offset for about 870 km. Despite such similarity, diamond deposits
are discovered to date only in the Tungus-Anabar domain.
The seismic data show that the Central Horde in the Tungus-Anabar
domain has a lithospheric keel, extending to a depth of greater
than 250 km, whereas it is absent in the Aldan domain. At the
surface, the Central Horde forms an uplift that controls lithofacies
of Riphean to Cenozoic sedimentary basins in the Siberian craton,
thus representing a long-lived and relatively stable feature,
with storage of the diamonds in the subcontinental lithosphere
at depth. Previous direct dating of diamonds from different Siberian
kimberlites indicated that they were formed in Archean to Paleoproterozoic
times. The reconstructions suggest that, in Meso- to Neoproterozoic
times, the Siberian craton might have formed part of the supercontinents
Columbia and Rodinia. Within them, Siberian craton was attached
by its northern edge to the present western margin of the North
American craton, whereas the southern margin of Siberia might
have been facing a present northern margin of Australia. Together,
they were part of very long supercontinent, and plotting of all
presently globally known diamond deposits shows that they would
all occur along its axis, mapping its then possibly single lithospheric
keel, or a Super-Horde.
After breakup of Rodinia, due to penetration of the spreading
ridges between the Australian and Siberian cratons, Siberia was
translated towards Eastern Europe for about 5000 km during 500
Ma. It was during this translation that it was periodically affected
by Neoproterozoic to Mesozoic plumes, which delivered the diamonds
to the surface into all subprovinces except Aldan.
Keywords: Diamondiferous kimberlites; Siberian craton; Supercontinent
Rodinia; Supercontinent Columbia』
1. Introduction
2. Siberian craton
3. Metallogenic subprovinces
3.1. Yenisei-Sayan subprovince
3.2. Vilyuii subprovince
3.3. Tunguska subprovince
3.4. Ilenek subprovince
3.5. Aldan subprovince
4. Basement of the Siberian craton
4.1. Terranes
4.2. Overlapping basins
4.3. Lithospheric keel
5. Central Horde of Siberian carton and its relation to the Super-Horde
in the supercontinents Rodinia and Columbia
6. Geodynamic evolution
7. Conclusions
References