INVENTORY OF U.S. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND SINKS: 199-2005

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency（2007）：INVENTORY OF U.S. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND SINKS: 1990-2005．460p．

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I
TABLE OF CONTENTS V
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES VIII
Tables viii
Figures xvi
Boxes xviii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1
Background Information ES-2
Recent Trends in U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks ES-4
Overview of Sector Emissions and Trends ES-11
Other Information ES-14
1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1. Background Information 1-2
1.2. Institutional Arrangements 1-9
1.3. Inventory Process 1-9
1.4. Methodology and Data Sources 1-11
1.5. Key Categories 1-12
1.6. Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) 1-14
1.7. Uncertainty Analysis of Emission Estimates 1-15
1.8. Completeness 1-16
1.9. Organization of Report 1-16
2. TRENDS IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 2-1
2.1. Recent Trends in U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2-1
2.2. Emissions by Economic Sector 2-23
2.3. Indirect Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO, NOx, NMVOCs, and SO2) 2-30
3. ENERGY 3-1
3.1. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion (IPCC Source Category 1A) 3-3
3.2. Carbon Emitted from Non-Energy Uses of Fossil Fuels (IPCC Source Category 1A) 3-19
3.3. Stationary Combustion (excluding CO2) (IPCC Source Category 1A) 3-24
3.4. Mobile Combustion (excluding CO2) (IPCC Source Category 1A) 3-29
3.5. Coal Mining (IPCC Source Category 1B1a) 3-36
3.6. Abandoned Underground Coal Mines (IPCC Source Category 1B1a) 3-39
3.7. Natural Gas Systems (IPCC Source Category 1B2b) 3-43
3.8. Petroleum Systems (IPCC Source Category 1B2a) 3-47
3.9. Municipal Solid Waste Combustion (IPCC Source Category 1A5) 3-50
3.10. Energy Sources of Indirect Greenhouse Gas Emissions 3-53
3.11. International Bunker Fuels (IPCC Source Category 1: Memo Items) 3-54
3.12. Wood Biomass and Ethanol Consumption (IPCC Source Category 1A) 3-59
4. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 4-1
4.1. Cement Manufacture (IPCC Source Category 2A1) 4-4
4.2. Iron and Steel Production (IPCC Source Category 2C1) 4-6
4.3. Ammonia Manufacture and Urea Application (IPCC Source Category 2B1) 4-10
4.4. Lime Manufacture (IPCC Source Category 2A2) 4-13
4.5. Limestone and Dolomite Use (IPCC Source Category 2A3) 4-17
4.6. Soda Ash Manufacture and Consumption (IPCC Source Category 2A4) 4-20
4.7. Titanium Dioxide Production (IPCC Source Category 2B5) 4-23
4.8. Ferroalloy Production (IPCC Source Category 2C2) 4-25
4.9. Phosphoric Acid Production (IPCC Source Category 2B5) 4-27
4.10. Carbon Dioxide Consumption (IPCC Source Category 2B5) 4-31
4.11. Zinc Production (IPCC Source Category 2C5) 4-33
4.12. Lead Production (IPCC Source Category 2C5) 4-36
4.13. Petrochemical Production (IPCC Source Category 2B5) 4-38
4.14. Silicon Carbide Production (IPCC Source Category 2B4) and Consumption 4-41
4.15. Nitric Acid Production (IPCC Source Category 2B2) 4-43
4.16. Adipic Acid Production (IPCC Source Category 2B3) 4-44
4.17. Substitution of Ozone Depleting Substances (IPCC Source Category 2F) 4-47
4.18. HCFC-22 Production (IPCC Source Category 2E1) 4-49
4.19. Electrical Transmission and Distribution (IPCC Source Category 2F7) 4-51
4.20. Semiconductor Manufacture (IPCC Source Category 2F6) 4-55
4.21. Aluminum Production (IPCC Source Category 2C3) 4-59
4.22. Magnesium Production and Processing (IPCC Source Category 2C4) 4-64
4.23. Industrial Sources of Indirect Greenhouse Gases 4-66
5. SOLVENT AND OTHER PRODUCT USE 5-1
5.1. Nitrous Oxide Product Usage (IPCC Source Category 3D) 5-1
5.2. Indirect Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Solvent Use 5-4
6. AGRICULTURE 6-1
6.1. Enteric Fermentation (IPCC Source Category 4A) 6-2
6.2. Manure Management (IPCC Source Category 4B) 6-6
6.3. Rice Cultivation (IPCC Source Category 4C) 6-12
6.4. Agricultural Soil Management (IPCC Source Category 4D) 6-16
6.5. Field Burning of Agricultural Residues (IPCC Source Category 4F) 6-29
7. LAND USE, LAND-USE CHANGE, AND FORESTRY 7-1
7.1. Forest Land Remaining Forest Land 7-3
7.2. Land Converted to Forest Land (IPCC Source Category 5A2) 7-17
7.3. Cropland Remaining Cropland (IPCC Source Category 5B1) 7-17
7.4. Land Converted to Cropland (IPCC Source Category 5B2) 7-26
7.5. Grassland Remaining Grassland (IPCC Source Category 5C1) 7-30
7.6. Land Converted to Grassland (IPCC Source Category 5C2) 7-34
7.7. Settlements Remaining Settlements 7-37
7.8. Land Converted to Settlements (Source Category 5E2) 7-42
7.9. Other (IPCC Source Category 5G) 7-43
8. WASTE 8-1
8.1. Landfills (IPCC Source Category 6A1) 8-2
8.2. Wastewater Treatment (IPCC Source Category 6B) 8-6
8.3. Waste Sources of Indirect Greenhouse Gases 8-15
9. OTHER 9-1
10. RECALCULATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS 10-1
11. REFERENCES 11-1

Executive Summary

An emissions inventory that identifies and quantifies a country's primary anthropogenic¹ sources and sinks of greenhouse gases is essential for addressing climate change. This inventory adheres to both 1) a comprehensive and detailed set of methodologies for estimating sources and sinks of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and 2) a common and consistent mechanism that enables Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to compare the relative contribution of different emission sources and greenhouse gases to climate
change.

In 1992, the United States signed and ratified the UNFCCC. As stated in Article 2 of the UNFCCC, “The ultimate objective of this Convention and any related legal instruments that the Conference of the Parties may adopt is to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.”²

Parties to the Convention, by ratifying, “shall develop, periodically update, publish and make available…national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable methodologies…”³ The United States views this report as an opportunity to fulfill these commitments.

This chapter summarizes the latest information on U.S. anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission trends from 1990 through 2005. To ensure that the U.S. emissions inventory is comparable to those of other UNFCCC Parties, the estimates presented here were calculated using methodologies consistent with those recommended in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC/UNEP/OECD/IEA 1997), the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC 2000), and the IPCC Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (IPCC 2003). Additionally, the U.S. emission inventory has begun to incorporate new methodologies and data from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC 2006). The structure of this report is consistent with the UNFCCC guidelines for inventory reporting.⁴ For most source categories, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) methodologies were expanded, resulting in a more comprehensive and detailed estimate of emissions.

¹The term “anthropogenic”, in this context, refers to greenhouse gas emissions and removals that are a direct result of human activities or are the result of natural processes that have been affected by human activities (IPCC/UNEP/OECD/IEA 1997).
²Article 2 of the Framework Convention on Climate Change published by the UNEP/WMO Information Unit on Climate Change. See <http://unfccc.int>.
³Article 4(1)(a) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (also identified in Article 12). Subsequent decisions by the Conference of the Parties elaborated the role of Annex I Parties in preparing national inventories. See <http://unfccc.int>.
⁴See <http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop8/08.pdf>.

Annexes

The following seven annexes provide additional information related to the material presented in the main body of this report as directed in the UNFCCC Guidelines on Reporting and Review (GE.03-60887). Annex 1 contains an analysis of the key categories of emissions discussed in this report and a review of the methodology used to identify those key categories. Annex 2 describes the methodologies used to estimate CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion, the carbon content of fossil fuels, and the amount of carbon stored in products from non-energy uses of fossil fuels. Annex 3 discusses the methodologies used for a number of individual source categories in greater detail than was presented in the main body of the report and includes explicit activity data and emission factor tables. Annex 4 presents the IPCC reference approach for estimating CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Annex 5 addresses the criteria for the inclusion of an emission source category and discusses some of
the sources that are excluded from U.S. estimates. Annex 6 provides a range of additional information that is relevant to the contents of this report. Finally, Annex 7 provides data on the uncertainty of the emission estimates included in this report.

Annexes........................................................................................................................................................................................A-1
ANNEX 1 Key Category Analysis .................................................................................................................................................A-3
ANNEX 2 Methodology and Data for Estimating CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion..................................................A-19
2.1. Methodology for Estimating Emissions of CO2 from Fossil Fuel Combustion..............................................................A-19
2.2. Methodology for Estimating the Carbon Content of Fossil Fuels.................................................................................A-41
2.3. Methodology for Estimating Carbon Emitted from Non-Energy Uses of Fossil Fuels..................................................A-68
ANNEX 3 Methodological Descriptions for Additional Source or Sink Categories.......................................................................A-95
3.1. Methodology for Estimating Emissions of CH4, N2O, and Indirect Greenhouse Gases from Stationary Combustion .A-95
3.2. Methodology for Estimating Emissions of CH4, N2O, and Indirect Greenhouse Gases from Mobile Combustion and Methodology for and Supplemental Information on Transportation-Related GHG Emissions..A-102
3.3. Methodology for Estimating CH4 Emissions from Coal Mining ..................................................................................A-130
3.4. Methodology for Estimating CH4 Emissions from Natural Gas Systems....................................................................A-137
3.5. Methodology for Estimating CH4 Emissions from Petroleum Systems ......................................................................A-142
3.6. Methodology for Estimating CO2 and N2O Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Combustion...............................A-145
3.7. Methodology for Estimating Emissions from International Bunker Fuels used by the U.S. Military ...........................A-150
3.8. Methodology for Estimating HFC and PFC Emissions from Substitution of Ozone Depleting Substances...............A-155
3.9. Methodology for Estimating CH4 Emissions from Enteric Fermentation ....................................................................A-168
3.10. Methodology for Estimating CH4 and N2O Emissions from Manure Management.....................................................A-176
3.11. Methodology for Estimating N2O Emissions from Agricultural Soil Management ......................................................A-198
3.12. Methodology for Estimating Net Carbon Stock Changes in Forest Lands Remaining Forest Lands.........................A-215
3.13. Methodology for Estimating Net Changes in Carbon Stocks in Mineral and Organic Soils on Croplands and Grasslands..A-238
3.14. Methodology for Estimating CH4 Emissions from Landfills ........................................................................................A-257
ANNEX 4 IPCC Reference Approach for Estimating CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion .........................................A-264
ANNEX 5 Assessment of the Sources and Sinks of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Excluded ....................................................A-274
ANNEX 6 Additional Information...............................................................................................................................................A-281
6.1. Global Warming Potential Values ..............................................................................................................................A-281
6.2. Ozone Depleting Substance Emissions.....................................................................................................................A-288
6.3. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions ..........................................................................................................................................A-290
6.4. Complete List of Source Categories ..........................................................................................................................A-292
6.5. Constants, Units, and Conversions...........................................................................................................................A-293
6.6. Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................................A-296
6.7. Chemical Formulas ...................................................................................................................................................A-300
ANNEX 7 Uncertainty ...............................................................................................................................................................A-303
7.1. Overview ...................................................................................................................................................................A-303
7.2. Methodology and Results..........................................................................................................................................A-303
7.3. Planned Improvements .............................................................................................................................................A-308
7.4. Additional Information on Uncertainty Analyses by Source .......................................................................................A-309

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