Acknowledgement ...............................................................................................................................................
iv
Preface ..................................................................................................................................................................
v
Chapters
1 Overview（目次）................................................................................................................................................
1.1
2 Basis for Consistent Representation of Land Areas（目次）
..................................................................................
2.1
3 LUCF Sector Good Practice Guidance（目次）
......................................................................................................
3.1
4 Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from
the Kyoto Protocol（目次） .........................
4.1
5 Cross-Cutting Issues（目次） .................................................................................................................................
5.1
Annexes
Annex A Glossary .....................................................................................................................................
G.1
Annex B Basic Information .........................................................................................................................
B.1
Annex C Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................................
AA.1
Annex D List of Reviewers ......................................................................................................................
LR.1
Contents
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.4
1.2 GOOD PRACTICE GUIDANCE FOR LAND USE,
LAND-USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY (LULUCF) 1.4
1.3 DEFINITION OF INVENTORIES CONSISTENT WITH GOOD PRACTICE GUIDANCE
1.6
1.4 RELATIONSHIP TO THE IPCC GUIDELINES 1.8
1.5 OUTLINE OF PRESENT DOCUMENT 1.8
1.6 USING THE GUIDANCE - PRACTICAL ADVICE FOR INVENTORY AGENCIES
AND OTHERS 1.10
1.7 POLICY RELEVANCE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In 1998, the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC) invited the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) to produce good practice guidance
to the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse
Gas Inventories (IPCC Guidelines). Since the Parties had already
agreed to use the IPCC Guidelines for estimating greenhouse gas
emissions and removals, the role of good practice guidance
was not to replace the IPCC Guidelines, but rather to provide
advice consistent with them.
The IPCC finished its work in time for the first volume of the
Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories (GPG2000) to be accepted at the
IPCC Plenary meeting held in Montreal in May 2000. The Conference
of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC as well as its Subsidiary Body
for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) subsequently endorsed
GPG2000. The COP has referred extensively to GPG2000
in subsequent decisions, including those collectively referred
to as the Marrakesh Accords, which were achieved at its seventh
session. The Marrakesh Accords also invited the IPCC to develop
good practice guidance for land use, land-use change and
forestry (LULUCF), which is not covered in GPG2000. The
mandate for this work, the definition of good practice
in this context, its relationship to the
IPCC Guidelines, and the practical consequences for inventory
agencies are described in more detail below in Sections 1.2, 1.3,
1.4 and 1.6 respectively. Sections 1.5 and 1.7 contain an outline
of the present document and a discussion of its policy relevance.
1.2 GOOD PRACTICE GUIDANCE FOR
LAND USE, LAND-USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY (LULUCF)
The GPG2000 did not cover the land-use change and forestry
(LUCF) activities described in Chapter 5 of the IPCC Guidelines
because during the time that the GPG2000 was being prepared,
the IPCC was also preparing the Special Report on Land Use,
Land-Use Change, and Forestry (SR LULUCF). Parallel work on
Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF would have carried a
risk of inconsistency with the Special Report. Furthermore, significant
negotiations on LULUCF were underway in the UNFCCC process, and
the IPCC recognised that it would be better to develop Good Practice
Guidance for LULUCF in the light of the outcome of these negotiations.
The LULUCF negotiations relating to the implementation of the
Kyoto Protocol were completed (except for those relating to rules
and modalities for afforestation and reforestation activities
under the clean development mechanism) during the second part
of the COP6, and at COP7, which took place respectively in Bonn
(July 2001) and Marrakesh (November 2001). Paragraph 3 in the
Decision 11/CP.7 agreed at COP7 contains the requests to the IPCC
(see Box 1.2.1).
|
INVITATION TO THE IPCC IN THE MARRAKESH ACCORDS, DECISION 11/CP.7 The Conference of Parties… |
2 Basis for Consistent Representation of Land Areas
Contents
2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.5
2.2 LAND-USE CATEGORIES 2.5
2.3 REPRESENTING LAND AREAS 2.7
2.3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................
2.7
2.3.2 Three Approaches ...........................................................................................................................
2.7
2.3.2.1 Approach 1: Basic land-use data ...............................................................................................
2.7
2.3.2.2 Approach 2: Survey of land use and land-use change ..............................................................
2.9
2.3.2.3 Approach 3: Geographically explicit land use data .................................................................
2.12
2.3.3 Using the Approaches ...................................................................................................................
2.14
2.3.4 Uncertainties Associated with the Approaches .............................................................................
2.17
2.4 DEVELOPMENT OF LAND-USE DATABASES 2.18
2.4.1 Use of Data Prepared for Other Purposes .....................................................................................
2.18
2.4.2 Collection of New Data by Sampling Methods.............................................................................
2.19
2.4.3 Collection of New Data in Complete Inventories .........................................................................
2.19
2.4.4 Tools for Data Collection..............................................................................................................
2.19
2.4.4.1 Remote sensing (RS) techniques .............................................................................................
2.19
2.4.4.2 Ground-based surveys .............................................................................................................
2.21
Annex 2A.1 Examples of Approaches in Individual Countries 2.23
Annex 2A.2 Examples of International Land-Cover Datasets 2.27
References 2.29
3 LUCF Sector Good Practice Guidance
Contents
3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.11
3.1.1 Inventory and Reporting Steps......................................................................................................
3.11
3.1.2 Linkage between this Chapter and the IPCC Guidelines’ Reporting
Categories .......................... 3.11
3.1.2.1 Changes in forest and other woody biomass stocks.................................................................
3.13
3.1.2.2 Forest and grassland conversion..............................................................................................
3.13
3.1.2.3 Abandonment of croplands, pastures, or other managed lands................................................
3.13
3.1.2.4 CO2 emissions and removals from soils ..................................................................................
3.14
3.1.2.5 Other categories of reporting and specific cases......................................................................
3.14
3.1.3 Definitions of Carbon Pools..........................................................................................................
3.14
3.1.4 General Methods ...........................................................................................................................
3.15
3.1.5 Tier Levels ...................................................................................................................................
3.16
3.1.6 Choice of Method.........................................................................................................................
3.17
3.1.7 Reporting......................................................................................................................................
3.20
3.1.8 Generic Climatic Zones.................................................................................................................
3.20
3.2 FOREST LAND 3.23
3.2.1 Forest Land Remaining Forest Land .............................................................................................
3.23
3.2.1.1 Change in carbon stocks in living biomass..............................................................................
3.24
3.2.1.2 Change in carbon stocks in dead organic matter .....................................................................
3.32
3.2.1.3 Change in carbon stocks in soils..............................................................................................
3.38
3.2.1.4 Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions ........................................................................................
3.45
3.2.2 Land Converted to Forest Land.....................................................................................................
3.50
3.2.2.1 Change in carbon stocks in living biomass..............................................................................
3.51
3.2.2.2 Change in carbon stocks in dead organic matter .....................................................................
3.56
3.2.2.3 Change in carbon stocks in soils..............................................................................................
3.60
3.2.2.4 Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions ........................................................................................
3.65
3.2.3 Completeness ...............................................................................................................................
3.66
3.2.4 Developing a Consistent Time Series ...........................................................................................
3.66
3.2.5 Reporting and Documentation ......................................................................................................
3.66
3.2.6 Inventory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)...............................................................
3.68
3.3 CROPLAND 3.69
3.3.1 Cropland Remaining Cropland......................................................................................................
3.69
3.3.1.1 Change in carbon stocks in living biomass..............................................................................
3.70
3.3.1.2 Change in carbon stocks in soils..............................................................................................
3.74
3.3.1.3 Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions ........................................................................................
3.82
3.3.2 Land Converted to Cropland .........................................................................................................
3.83
3.3.2.1 Change in carbon stocks living biomass..................................................................................
3.84
3.3.2.2 Change in carbon stocks in soils..............................................................................................
3.89
3.3.2.3 Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions ........................................................................................
3.93
3.3.3 Completeness ...............................................................................................................................
3.95
3.3.4 Developing a Consistent Time Series ...........................................................................................
3.95
3.3.5 Reporting and Documentation ......................................................................................................
3.96
3.3.6 Inventory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)...............................................................
3.96
3.3.7 Estimation of Revised GPG Tier 1 Defaults for Mineral Soil
C Emissions/Removals for Cropland .................................................................................................................................
3.97
3.4 GRASSLAND 3.105
3.4.1 Grassland Remaining Grassland .................................................................................................
3.105
3.4.1.1 Change in carbon stocks in living biomass............................................................................
3.106
3.4.1.2 Change in carbon stocks in soils............................................................................................
3.111
3.4.1.3 Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions ......................................................................................
3.120
3.4.2 Land Converted to Grassland......................................................................................................
3.120
3.4.2.1 Change in carbon stocks in biomass ......................................................................................
3.121
3.4.2.2 Change in carbon stocks in soils............................................................................................
3.126
3.4.2.3 Non-CO2 greenhouse gases ...................................................................................................
3.130
3.4.3 Completeness ..............................................................................................................................
3.130
3.4.4 Developing a Consistent Time Series .........................................................................................
3.131
3.4.5 Reporting and Documentation ....................................................................................................
3.131
3.4.6 Inventory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC).............................................................
3.131
3.4.7 Estimation of Revised GPG Tier 1 Defaults for Grassland
Management ................................... 3.132
3.5 WETLANDS 3.135
3.5.1 Wetlands Remaining Wetlands ...................................................................................................
3.135
3.5.2 Land Converted to Wetlands.......................................................................................................
3.135
3.5.2.1 Change in carbon stocks in land converted to peat extraction...............................................
3.136
3.5.2.2 Change in carbon stocks in land converted to flooded land
(Reservoirs).............................. 3.140
3.5.3 Completeness ..............................................................................................................................
3.140
3.5.4 Developing a Consistent Time Series .........................................................................................
3.140
3.5.5 Reporting and Documentation ....................................................................................................
3.141
3.5.6 Inventory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC).............................................................
3.141
3.6 SETTLEMENTS 3.143
3.6.1 Settlements Remaining Settlements ............................................................................................
3.143
3.6.2 Land Converted to Settlements ...................................................................................................
3.143
3.7 OTHER LAND 3.145
3.7.1 Other Land Remaining Other Land.............................................................................................
3.145
3.7.2 Land Converted to Other Land....................................................................................................
3.145
3.7.2.1 Change in carbon stocks in living biomass............................................................................
3.145
3.7.2.2 Change in carbon stocks in soils............................................................................................
3.147
3.7.3 Completeness ..............................................................................................................................
3.149
3.7.4 Developing a Consistent Time Series .........................................................................................
3.149
3.7.5 Reporting and Documentation ....................................................................................................
3.149
3.7.6 Inventory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC).............................................................
3.149
Annex 3A.1 Biomass Default Tables for Section 3.2 Forest Land
3.151
Annex 3A.2 Reporting Tables and Worksheets 3.187
Appendix 3a.1 Harvested Wood Products: Basis for Future Methodological
Development 3.257
Appendix 3a.2 Non-CO2 Emissions from Drainage and Rewetting of
Forest Soils: Basis For Future Methodological Development 3.273
Appendix 3a.3 Wetlands Remaining Wetlands: Basis for Future Methodological
Development 3.277
Appendix 3a.4 Settlements: Basis for Future Methodological
Development 3.295
References 3.301
Equations
Equation 3.1.1 Annual carbon stock change in a given pool as a
function of gains and losses ......... 3.16
Equation 3.1.2 Annual carbon stock change in a given pool..............................................................
3.16
Equation 3.2.1 Annual emissions or removals from forest land remaining
forest land...................... 3.23
Equation 3.2.2 Annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass
in forest land remaining forest land (Default Method)......................................................................................
3.24
Equation 3.2.3 Annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass
in forest land remaining forest land (Stock Change Method) ...........................................................................
3.24
Equation 3.2.4 Annual increase in carbon stocks due to biomass
increment in forest land remaining forest land.........................................................................................
3.25
Equation 3.2.5 Average annual increment in biomass .......................................................................
3.26
Equation 3.2.6 Annual decrease in carbon stocks due to biomass
loss in forest land remaining forest land .................................................................................................
3.26
Equation 3.2.7 Annual carbon loss due to commercial fellings .........................................................
3.27
Equation 3.2.8 Annual carbon loss due to fuelwood gathering..........................................................
3.27
Equation 3.2.9 Annual other losses of carbon....................................................................................
3.28
Equation 3.2.10 Annual change in carbon stocks in dead organic
matter in forest land remaining forest land .................................................................................................
3.32
Equation 3.2.11 Annual change in carbon stocks in dead wood in
forest land remaining forest land (Option 1)................................................................................................
3.33
Equation 3.2.12 Annual change in carbon stocks in dead wood in
forest land remaining forest land (Option 2)................................................................................
3.34
Equation 3.2.13 Annual change in carbon stocks in litter in forest
land remaining forest land ........... 3.35
Equation 3.2.14 Annual change in carbon stocks in mineral soils
in forest land remaining forest land .................................................................................................
3.40
Equation 3.2.15 CO2 emissions from drained organic forest soils
....................................................... 3.42
Equation 3.2.16 Soil organic carbon content........................................................................................
3.43
Equation 3.2.17 Direct N2O emissions from managed forests .............................................................
3.46
Equation 3.2.18 Direct N2O emissions from forest fertilisation...........................................................
3.46
Equation 3.2.19 Estimation of non-CO2 emissions from C released....................................................
3.49
Equation 3.2.20 Estimation of GHGs directly released in fires
........................................................... 3.49
Equation 3.2.21 Annual change in carbon stocks in land converted
to forest land ............................. 3.51
Equation 3.2.22 Annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass
in land converted to forest land (Tier 1) .....................................................................................................
3.51
Equation 3.2.23 Annual increase in carbon stocks in living biomass
in land converted to forest land ..............................................................................................................
3.52
Equation 3.2.24 Annual decrease in carbon stocks in living biomass
due to losses in land converted to forest land..............................................................................................
3.52
Equation 3.2.25 Annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass
in land converted to forest land (Tier 2) .....................................................................................................
3.53
Equation 3.2.26 Change in carbon stocks in living biomass in land
annually converted to forest land ..................................................................................................................
3.53
Equation 3.2.27 Annual change in carbon stocks in dead wood in
land converted to forest land........ 3.57
Equation 3.2.28 Annual change in carbon stocks in dead wood in
land converted to forest land........ 3.57
Equation 3.2.29 Annual change in carbon stocks in litter in land
converted to forest land.................. 3.58
Equation 3.2.30 Annual change in carbon stocks in litter in land
converted to forest land.................. 3.58
Equation 3.2.31 Annual change in carbon stocks in mineral soils
in land converted to forest land..... 3.62
Equation 3.2.32 Annual change in carbon stocks in mineral soils
upon afforestation1 ....................... 3.63
Equation 3.2.33 CO2 emissions from drained organic soils in land
converted to forest land............... 3.63
Equation 3.3.1 Annual change in carbon stocks in cropland remaining
cropland.............................. 3.70
Equation 3.3.2 Annual change in carbon stocks in soils in cropland
remaining cropland ................. 3.74
Equation 3.3.3 Annual change in carbon stocks in mineral soils
for a single cropland system ......... 3.75
Equation 3.3.4 Annual change in carbon stocks in mineral soils
in cropland remaining cropland .... 3.78
Equation 3.3.5 CO2 emissions from cultivated organic soils in
cropland remaining cropland .......... 3.79
Equation 3.3.6 Annual carbon emissions from agricultural lime
application .................................... 3.80
Equation 3.3.7 Total change in carbon stocks in land converted
to cropland .................................... 3.83
Equation 3.3.8 Annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass
in land converted to cropland..... 3.85
Equation 3.3.9 Change in carbon stocks as a result of clearing
biomass in a land use conversion .... 3.86
Equation 3.3.10 Carbon losses from biomass burning, on-site and
off-site ......................................... 3.86
Equation 3.3.11 Carbon losses from biomass decay ............................................................................
3.87
Equation 3.3.12 Annual change in carbon stocks in soils in land
converted to cropland..................... 3.89
Equation 3.3.13 Total annual emissions of N2O from mineral soils
in land converted to cropland..... 3.93
Equation 3.3.14 N2O emissions as a result of the disturbance associated
with land-use conversion of forest, grassland, or other land to
cropland ......................................... 3.94
Equation 3.3.15 Annual nitrogen released by net soil organic mineralisation
as a result of the disturbance (based on soil C mineralised) .......................................................
3.94
Equation 3.4.1 Annual change in carbon stocks in grassland remaining
grassland ......................... 3.105
Equation 3.4.2 Annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass
in grassland remaining grassland .................................................................................................
3.106
Equation 3.4.3 Annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass
in grassland remaining grassland .................................................................................................
3.107
Equation 3.4.4 Annual change in living biomass . Rate Approach
................................................. 3.107
Equation 3.4.5 Annual change in living biomass . Difference Approach
....................................... 3.108
Equation 3.4.6 Total biomass...........................................................................................................
3.108
Equation 3.4.7 Annual change in carbon stocks in soils in grassland
remaining grassland ............. 3.111
Equation 3.4.8 Annual change in carbon stocks in mineral soils
for a single grassland system ...... 3.112
Equation 3.4.9 Annual change in carbon stocks in mineral soils
in total grassland remaining grassland .................................................................................................
3.113
Equation 3.4.10 CO2 emissions from cultivated organic soils in
grassland remaining grassland ...... 3.114
Equation 3.4.11 Annual carbon emissions from agricultural lime
application .................................. 3.115
Equation 3.4.12 Total change in carbon stocks in land converted
to grassland ................................. 3.120
Equation 3.4.13 Annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass
in land converted to grassland.. 3.122
Equation 3.4.14 Change in carbon stocks as a result of biomass
clearing during land use conversion..................................................................................................
3.123
Equation 3.4.15 Carbon losses from biomass burning, on-site and
off-site ....................................... 3.123
Equation 3.4.16 Carbon losses from biomass decay ..........................................................................
3.124
Equation 3.4.17 Annual change in carbon stocks in soils in land
converted to grassland (LG)......... 3.126
Equation 3.5.1 Change in carbon stocks in land converted to wetlands...........................................
3.136
Equation 3.5.2 Annual change in carbon stocks in land converted
to peat extraction...................... 3.136
Equation 3.5.3 Annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass
in land converted to peat extraction..........................................................................................................
3.137
Equation 3.5.4 Annual change in carbon stocks in soils in land
converted to peat extraction ......... 3.137
Equation 3.5.5 Annual change in carbon stocks in soils due to
drainage of organic soils converted to peat extraction .....................................................................................
3.138
Equation 3.5.6 Annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass
in land converted to flooded land .........................................................................................................
3.140
Equation 3.6.1 Annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass
in forest land converted to settlements (FS) ...................................................................................................
3.143
Equation 3.7.1 Annual change in carbon stocks in land converted
to “Other Land” ....................... 3.145
Equation 3.7.2 Annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass
in land converted to “Other Land”.......................................................................................
3.146
Equation 3.7.3 Annual change in carbon stocks in mineral soils
in land converted to “Other Land”........................................................................................................
3.148
Figures
Figure 3.1.1 Decision Tree for Identification of Appropriate Tier-Level
for Land Remaining in the same Land Use Category (Example given
for Forest Land Remaining Forest Land, FF) ................................................................................
3.18
Figure 3.1.2 Decision Tree for Identification of Appropriate Tier-Level
for Land Converted to another Land Use Category (Example given
for Land
Converted to Forest Land, LF) ......................................................................................
3.19
Figure 3.2.1 Two temporally averaged values of soil organic carbon
corresponding to different combinations of forest soils, management
practices and disturbance regimes.............. 3.39
Tables
Table 3.1.1 Mapping between the sections of Chapter 5 of the 1996
IPCC Guidelines and the sections of Chapter 3 of this report ...................................................................
3.12
Table 3.1.2 Definitions for terrestrial pools used in Chapter
3......................................................... 3.15
Table 3.1.3 Sub-categories within a given land use section .............................................................
3.20
Table 3.2.1 Updated defaults for litter carbon stocks and transition
period . .................................. 3.36
Table 3.2.2 Updated defaults of natural mortality rates, dead
wood stocks, and live:dead ratios ............................................................................................................................
3.37
Table 3.2.3 Default values for CO2-C emission factor for drained
organic soils in managed forests.........................................................................................................
3.42
Table 3.2.4 Default reference (under native vegetation) soil organic
C stocks (SOCRef) ................ 3.43
Table 3.2.5 Sources of uncertainty in estimating CO2 emission/removal
from forest soil and DOM pools .............................................................................................................
3.61
Table 3.3.1 Tier descriptions for subcategories under cropland
remaining cropland....................... 3.70
Table 3.3.2 Default coefficients for aboveground woody biomass
and harvest cycles in cropping systems containing perennial species
.............................................................
3.71
Table 3.3.3 Default reference (under native vegetation) soil organic
C stocks (SOCRef) ................ 3.76
Table 3.3.4 Relative stock change factors (FLU, FMG, and FI) (over
20 years) for different management activities on cropland ................................................................
3.77
Table 3.3.5 Annual emission factors (EF) for cultivated organic
soils ............................................ 3.79
Table 3.3.6 Tier descriptions for subcategories under land converted
to cropland (LC).................. 3.84
Table 3.3.7 Default biomass carbon stocks removed due to land
conversion to cropland ............... 3.87
Table 3.3.8 Default biomass carbon stocks present on land converted
to cropland in the year following conversion .......................................................................................
3.88
Table 3.3.9 Relative soil stock change factors (FLU, FMG, FI)
for land-use conversions to cropland.................................................................................................
3.92
Table 3.4.1 Tier descriptions for subcategories under grassland
remaining grassland................... 3.106
Table 3.4.2 Default estimates for standing biomass grassland (as
dry matter) and aboveground net primary production, classified
by IPCC climate zones. ................... 3.109
Table 3.4.3 Default expansion factors (root-to-shoot [R:S] ratios)
for the major savannah/rangeland ecosystems of the world..............................................................
3.110
Table 3.4.4 Default reference (under native vegetation) soil organic
c stocks (SOCRef)................ 3.117
Table 3.4.5 Relative stock change factors for grassland management
........................................... 3.118
Table 3.4.6 Annual emission factors (EF) for managed grassland
organic soils............................ 3.118
Table 3.4.7 Tier descriptions for subcategories under land converted
to grassland ....................... 3.122
Table 3.4.8 Default biomass carbon stocks removed due to land
conversion to grassland ............ 3.124
Table 3.4.9 Default biomass carbon stocks present on land converted
to grassland. ..................... 3.125
Table 3.4.10 Relative soil stock change factors for land-use conversions
to grassland ................... 3.128
Table 3.5.1 Sections and appendices addressing major greenhouse
gas emissions from managed wetlands in this report ..................................................................................
3.135
Table 3.5.2 Emission factors and associated uncertainty for organic
soils after drainage.............. 3.138
Boxes
Box 3.1.1 Framework of Tier Structure in the Good Practice Guidance
....................................... 3.17
Box 3.2.1 Organic soils, peat lands and wetlands ..........................................................................
3.38
Box 3.3.1 Good practice in derivation of country-specific emission
factors ................................. 3.95
4 Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol
Contents
4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.9
4.1.1 Overview of Steps to Estimating and Reporting Supplementary
Information for Activities Under Articles 3.3, 3.4, 6 and 12 ..................................................................................................
4.10
4.1.2 General Rules for Categorisation of Land Areas under Articles
3.3 and 3.4 ................................ 4.13
4.1.3 Relationship between Annex I Parties’ National Inventories
and Article 6 LULUCF Projects.... 4.19
4.2 METHODS FOR ESTIMATION, MEASUREMENT, MONITORING AND REPORTING
OF LULUCF ACTIVITIES UNDER ARTICLES 3.3 AND 3.4 4.20
4.2.1 Relationship between UNFCCC Land-Use Categories and Kyoto
Protocol (Articles 3.3 and 3.4) Land-Use Categories.......................................................................................................
4.20
4.2.2 Generic Methodologies for Area Identification, Stratification
and Reporting .............................. 4.23
4.2.2.1 Reporting requirements ........................................................................................................
4.23
4.2.2.2 Reporting Methods for lands subject to Article 3.3 and
Article 3.4 activities...................... 4.24
4.2.2.3 Relationship between Approaches in Chapter 2 and Reporting
Methods in Chapter 4........ 4.25
4.2.2.4 Choice of Reporting Method ................................................................................................
4.26
4.2.2.5 How to identify lands (units of land) in general ...................................................................
4.27
4.2.3 Generic Methodological Issues For Estimating Carbon Stock
Changes And Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...........................................................................................................
4.29
4.2.3.1 Pools to be reported ..............................................................................................................
4.30
4.2.3.2 Years for which to estimate carbon stock changes and non-CO2
greenhouse gas emissions 4.31
4.2.3.3 Reporting and measurement intervals ..................................................................................
4.32
4.2.3.4 Choice of method .................................................................................................................
4.32
4.2.3.5 Factoring out indirect, natural and pre-1990 effects.............................................................
4.32
4.2.3.6 Disturbances .........................................................................................................................
4.33
4.2.3.7 Interannual variability ..........................................................................................................
4.33
4.2.4 Other Generic Methodological Issues ...........................................................................................
4.34
4.2.4.1 Developing a consistent time series......................................................................................
4.34
4.2.4.2 Uncertainty assessment ........................................................................................................
4.36
4.2.4.3 Reporting and documentation...............................................................................................
4.39
4.2.4.4 Quality assurance and quality control...................................................................................
4.50
4.2.4.5 Verification..........................................................................................................................
4.50
4.2.5 Afforestation and Reforestation ....................................................................................................
4.51
4.2.5.1 Definitional issues and reporting requirements ....................................................................
4.51
4.2.5.2 Choice of methods for identifying units of land subject
to direct human-induced
afforestation/ reforestation....................................................................................................
4.51
4.2.5.3 Choice of methods for estimating carbon stock changes
and non-CO2 emissions ............... 4.54
4.2.6 Deforestation................................................................................................................................
4.56
4.2.6.1 Definitional issues and reporting requirements ....................................................................
4.56
4.2.6.2 Choice of methods for identifying units of land subject
to direct human-induced deforestation .........................................................................................................................
4.57
4.2.6.3 Choice of methods for estimating carbon stock-changes
and non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions ..............................................................................................................................
4.59
4.2.7 Forest Management......................................................................................................................
4.61
4.2.7.1 Definitional issues and reporting requirements ....................................................................
4.61
4.2.7.2 Choice of methods for identifying lands subject to forest
management............................... 4.61
4.2.7.3 Choice of methods for estimating carbon stock changes
and non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions ..............................................................................................................................
4.64
4.2.8 Cropland Management ..................................................................................................................
4.66
4.2.8.1 Definitional issues and reporting requirements ....................................................................
4.66
4.2.8.2 Choice of methods for identifying lands ..............................................................................
4.68
4.2.8.3 Choice of methods for estimating carbon stock changes
and non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions ..............................................................................................................................
4.69
4.2.9 Grazing Land management ...........................................................................................................
4.81
4.2.9.1 Definitional issues and reporting requirements ....................................................................
4.81
4.2.9.2 Choice of methods for identifying lands ..............................................................................
4.82
4.2.9.3 Choice of methods for estimating carbon stock changes
and non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions ..............................................................................................................................
4.83
4.2.10 Revegetation.................................................................................................................................
4.85
4.2.10.1 Definitional issues and reporting requirements ....................................................................
4.85
4.2.10.2 Choice of methods for identifying lands ..............................................................................
4.86
4.2.10.3 Choice of methods for estimating carbon stock changes
and non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions ..............................................................................................................................
4.86
4.3 LULUCF PROJECTS 4.89
4.3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................
4.89
4.3.1.1 Definition of Projects and relevance to Articles 6 and
12 .................................................... 4.90
4.3.2 Project Boundaries ........................................................................................................................
4.90
4.3.2.1 Geographic area....................................................................................................................
4.90
4.3.2.2 Temporal boundaries ............................................................................................................
4.91
4.3.2.3 Activities and practices ........................................................................................................
4.91
4.3.3 Measuring, Monitoring, and Estimating Changes in Carbon
Stocks and Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...............................................................................................................................
4.93
4.3.3.1 Baseline ...............................................................................................................................
4.94
4.3.3.2 Stratification of the project area ...........................................................................................
4.95
4.3.3.3 Selection of carbon pools and non-CO2 greenhouse gases
................................................... 4.95
4.3.3.4 Sampling design ...................................................................................................................
4.96
4.3.3.5 Field measurements and data analysis for estimating carbon
stocks .................................. 4.100
4.3.3.6 Estimating changes in non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions
and removals ......................... 4.106
4.3.3.7 Monitoring changes in greenhouse gas emissions and removals
from project operation ractices.............................................................................................................................
4.109
4.3.3.8 Considerations for the monitoring plan ..............................................................................
4.109
4.3.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control Plan ..............................................................................
4.111
4.3.4.1 Procedures to ensure reliable field measurements..............................................................
4.111
4.3.4.2 Procedures to verify field data collection ...........................................................................
4.111
4.3.4.3 Procedures to verify data entry and analysis ......................................................................
4.111
4.3.4.4 Data maintenance and storage ............................................................................................
4.112
Annex 4A.1 Tool for estimation of changes in soil carbon stocks
associated with management changes in croplands and grazing lands
based on IPCC default data 4.113
Annex 4A.2 Examples of allometric equations for estimating aboveground
biomass and belowground biomass of trees 4.114
References 4.117
Equations
Equation 4.2.1 Annual soil carbon emissions/removals from cropland
management ........................... 4.72
Equation 4.3.1 Estimation of aboveground biomass of forests............................................................
4.102
Equation 4.3.2 Volume of lying dead wood ........................................................................................
4.105
Equation 4.3.3 Soil organic carbon content .........................................................................................
4.106
Figures
Figure 4.1.1 Decision tree for classifying a unit of land under
Article 3.3 (ARD) or land under Article 3.4 (FM, CM, GM and RV)
as of year X of the commitment
period (2008, 2009, …, 2012) ......................................................................................
4.14
Figure 4.2.1 Land classification in the national inventories under
the UNFCCC of a hypothetical country in year X of the commitment
period.................................................................
4.22
Figure 4.2.2 Land classification for Kyoto Protocol reporting
for a hypothetical country in Year X of the commitment period
................................................................................
4.22
Figure 4.2.3 Two Reporting Methods for land subject to Articles
3.3 and 3.4 activities .................. 4.24
Figure 4.2.4 Decision tree for choosing a reporting method for
land subject to activities under Articles 3.3 and 3.4........................................................................................................
4.26
Figure 4.2.5 Decision tree for determining whether a unit of land
qualifies for direct human-induced (dhi) Afforestation/Reforestation
(AR) or Revegetation (RV). ........... 4.53
Figure 4.2.6 Decision tree for determining whether a unit of land
is subject to direct human-induced (dhi) Deforestation (D) ........................................................................
4.59
Figure 4.2.7 Relationship between different forest categories...........................................................
4.62
Figure 4.2.8 Decision tree for determining whether land qualifies
as being subject to Forest Management .................................................................................................................
4.63
Figure 4.2.9 Decision tree for selecting the appropriate tier
for estimating carbon stock changes in mineral soils under cropland
for Kyoto Protocol reporting.......................................
4.71
Figure 4.2.10 Conceptual illustration of the matrix of carbon
stock change factors derived for different land-use, land-management
transitions for each set of biophysical combinations (Tier 1)
.....................................................................................................
4.72
Figure 4.2.11 Schematic representation of a change in soil carbon
stocks after a carbon-sequestering management change is imposed.
.................................................. 4.74
Figure 4.2.12 Conceptual illustration of the matrix of carbon
stock change factors derived for different land-use, land-management
transitions for each set of biophysical combinations (Tier 2)
...................................................................................................
4.75
Figure 4.2.13 Decision tree for selecting the tier at which to
report carbon stock changes in organic soils under the Kyoto Protocol
.........................................................................
4.77
Figure 4.3.1 An example of the relationship between number of
plots and precision level ............. 4.97
Figure 4.3.2 Illustration of the relationship between the magnitude
of the Reliable Minimum Estimate (RME) between Time 1 and Time
2 sampling periods and the 95% confidence interval around the
mean soil carbon content .............................................
4.99
Figure 4.3.3 An example of how the percent absolute change in
mean soil carbon (with 95% confidence) for an afforestation project
varies in relation to the sampling interval and sample size ...........................................................................................................
4.100
Tables
Table 4.1.1 Summary of the LULUCF Activities under the Kyoto Protocol
and the associated accounting rules.............................................................................................................
4.13
Table 4.2.1 Relationship between activities under Articles 3.3
and 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol and the basic land-use categories
of Section 2.2 ..................................................................
4.21
Table 4.2.2 Relationship between Approaches in Chapter 2 and Reporting
Methods in Chapter 4. 4.26
Table 4.2.3 Calendar Years for which carbon stock changes are
to be reported (for each activity and each of the five pools described
above), as a function of the time when the activity started ..............................................................................................................
4.31
Table 4.2.4a Supplementary Inventory Information to be reported
prior to 1 January 2007 or one year after the entry into force
of the Kyoto Protocol for the Party, whichever is later.. 4.40
Table 4.2.4b Supplementary Information to be reported for the
annual greenhouse gas inventory during the first commitment period
according to the Marrakesh Accords. ................... 4.41
Table 4.2.5 Land transition matrix ...................................................................................................
4.44
Table 4.2.6a Table for Reporting (AR/D/FM) ...................................................................................
4.45
Table 4.2.6b Table for Reporting (CM/GM/RV) ...............................................................................
4.46
Table 4.2.6c Table for Reporting (Projects).......................................................................................
4.47
Table 4.2.7 Summary table of greenhouse gas emissions by sources
and removals by sinks by Articles 3.3, 3.4 and 6 activities for
the inventory year.................................................
4.48
Table 4.2.8 Sections where methodologies can be found for estimating
different carbon pools on cropland....................................................................................................................
4.69
Table 4.3.1 A decision matrix to illustrate possible selection
criteria of pools to measure and monitor in LULUCF projects ........................................................................................
4.96
Table 4.3.2 Possible LULUCF project practices that may result
in emissions or removals of non-CO2 greenhouse gases ..........................................................................................
4.107
Table 4.3.3 Location of IPCC default methods and data for estimation
of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions and removals.........................................................................................
4.108
Table 4.A.1 Allometric equations for estimating aboveground biomass
of tropical and temperate hardwood and pine species .........................................................................
4.114
Table 4.A.2 Allometric equations for estimating aboveground biomass
of palm trees common in tropical humid forests of Latin America..................................................................
4.114
Table 4.A.3 Examples of allometric equations for estimating aboveground
biomass of some individual species commonly used in the Tropics.......................................................
4.115
Table 4.A.4 Allometric equations for estimating belowground or
root biomass of forests............. 4.115
Boxes
Box 4.1.1 Examples for the assignment of units of land to Article
3.3 activities and lands to Article 3.4 activities over time ......................................................................................
4.17
Box 4.2.1 An example of consistency for management practices..................................................
4.35
Box 4.2.2 Links.............................................................................................................................
4.54
Box 4.2.3 Links.............................................................................................................................
4.55
Box 4.2.4 Links.............................................................................................................................
4.57
Box 4.2.5 Links.............................................................................................................................
4.60
Box 4.2.6 Links.............................................................................................................................
4.64
Box 4.2.7 Links.............................................................................................................................
4.65
Box 4.2.8 An example of cropland management areas in 1990 and
the commitment period (net-net accounting).......................................................................................................
4.67
Box 4.2.9 Links.............................................................................................................................
4.69
Box 4.2.10 Links.............................................................................................................................
4.70
Box 4.2.11 Examples of possible influences of carbon stock changes
on emissions of non-CO2 gases ...............................................................................................................
4.80
Box 4.2.12 Links.............................................................................................................................
4.82
Box 4.2.13 Links.............................................................................................................................
4.83
Box 4.2.14 Links.............................................................................................................................
4.86
Box 4.2.15 Links.............................................................................................................................
4.87
Box 4.3.1 Afforestation or Reforestation projects ........................................................................
4.91
Box 4.3.2 Cropland management projects: conversion from conventional
to zero tillage in agriculture .....................................................................................................................
4.92
Box 4.3.3 Forest management projects: reduced impact logging .................................................
4.92
Box 4.3.4 Forest improvement projects: enrichment planting on
logged-over forest or secondary growth forest ................................................................................................
4.92
Box 4.3.5 Guidance on estimating greenhouse gas emissions from
mobile sources ................... 4.109
Box 4.3.6 Monitoring projects involving multiple small-scale landholders
................................ 4.110
Contents
5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.7
5.2 IDENTIFYING AND QUANTIFYING UNCERTAINTIES 5.8
5.2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................
5.8
5.2.2 Methods to Combine Uncertainties ..............................................................................................
5.10
5.2.2.1 Tier 1 - Simple propagation of errors .....................................................................................
5.10
5.2.2.2 Estimating uncertainties by category using Monte Carlo
analysis (Tier 2) ............................. 5.11
5.2.3 Practical Considerations for Quantifying Uncertainties of
Input Data.......................................... 5.14
5.2.4 Example of Uncertainty Analysis ................................................................................................
5.16
5.2.5 Reporting and Documentation ......................................................................................................
5.20
5.3 SAMPLING 5.21
5.3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................
5.21
5.3.2 Overview on Sampling Principles ................................................................................................
5.21
5.3.3 Sampling Design ..........................................................................................................................
5.22
5.3.3.1 Use of auxiliary data and stratification ...................................................................................
5.22
5.3.3.2 Systematic sampling ...............................................................................................................
5.23
5.3.3.3 Permanent sample plots and time series data ..........................................................................
5.23
5.3.4 Sampling Methods for Area Estimation .......................................................................................
5.24
5.3.4.1 Estimation of areas via proportions ........................................................................................
5.25
5.3.4.2 Direct estimation of area .........................................................................................................
5.25
5.3.5 Sampling Methods for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions
and Removals ........................... 5.25
5.3.6 Uncertainties in Sample Based Surveys .......................................................................................
5.26
5.3.6.1 Types of errors ........................................................................................................................
5.26
5.3.6.2 Sample size and sampling error ..............................................................................................
5.27
5.3.6.3 Quantifying errors in sample based surveys ...........................................................................
5.28
5.4 METHODOLOGICAL CHOICE . IDENTIFICATION OF KEY CATEGORIES 5.29
5.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................
5.29
5.4.2 Quantitative Approaches to Determining Key Categories ...........................................................
5.29
5.4.2.1 Tier 1 method to identify key categories of sources and
sinks ............................................... 5.33
5.4.2.2 Tier 2 method to identify key categories of sources and
sinks ............................................... 5.36
5.4.3 Qualitative Considerations ...........................................................................................................
5.38
5.4.4 Identifying Key Categories under Kyoto Protocol Articles
3.3 and 3.4 ....................................... 5.38
5.4.5 Application of the Results ............................................................................................................
5.40
5.4.6 Reporting and Documentation .....................................................................................................
5.41
5.4.7 Derivation of Threshold for the Tier 1 Key Category Analysis
................................................... 5.42
5.4.7.1 Assumptions about uncertainties ..................................................................................................
5.42
5.4.7.2 Emission level ...........................................................................................................................
5.43
5.4.7.3 Trend ........................................................................................................................................
5.44
5.4.8 Example of Tier 1 Key Category Analysis ......................................................................................
5.45
5.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL 5.49
5.5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................
5.49
5.5.2 QA/QC Plan ................................................................................................................................
5.50
5.5.3 General QC Procedures (Tier 1)....................................................................................................
5.51
5.5.4 Source or Sink Category-Specific QC Procedures (Tier 2)............................................................
552
5.5.5 QA Review Procedures ................................................................................................................
5.53
5.5.6 Documentation, Archiving and Reporting ...................................................................................
5.54
5.5.7 Issues under Kyoto Protocol Articles 3.3 and 3.4 ........................................................................
5.55
5.6 TIME SERIES CONSISTENCY AND RECALCULATIONS 5.56
5.6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................
5.56
5.6.2 Time Series Consistency and Methodological Change ................................................................
5.56
5.6.3 Recalculation and Periodic Data ..................................................................................................
5.58
5.6.4 Issues under Kyoto Protocol Articles 3.3 and 3.4 ........................................................................
5.60
5.6.5 Reporting and Documentation .....................................................................................................
5.60
5.7 VERIFICATION 5.61
5.7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................
5.61
5.7.2 Verification Approaches ..............................................................................................................
5.62
5.7.3 Guidance for Verification of LULUCF Inventories .....................................................................
5.69
5.7.4 Specific Issues Linked to the Kyoto Protocol ..............................................................................
5.71
5.7.5 Reporting and Documentation .....................................................................................................
5.72
5.7.6 Some Details for Verification Approaches ...................................................................................
5.73
References 5.77
Equations
Equation 5.2.1 Estimating category uncertainties (Tier 1).....................................................................
5.10
Equation 5.2.2 Overall uncertainty in national emissions (Tier
1)......................................................... 5.11
Equation 5.4.1 Level assessment (Tier 1)..............................................................................................
5.33
Equation 5.4.2 Trend assessment (Tier 1) .............................................................................................
5.34
Equation 5.4.3 Trend assessment with zero current year emissions
..................................................... 5.35
Equation 5.4.4 Level assessment (Tier 2)..............................................................................................
5.37
Equation 5.4.5 Trend assessment (Tier 2) .............................................................................................
5.37
Figures
Figure 5.3.1 Principle of sampling ....................................................................................................
5.21
Figure 5.3.2 Simple random layout of plots (left) and systematic
layout (right) .............................. 5.23
Figure 5.3.3 Use of different configurations of permanent and
temporary sampling units for estimating changes ..................................................................................................
5.24
Figure 5.3.4 Relationship between the standard error of the area
estimate, s(A), the proportion of the land-use class, p, and the
sample size, n .................................................................
5.27
Figure 5.4.1 Decision tree to identify key categories of sources
and sinks ...................................... 5.30
Figure 5.4.2 Decision tree to choose a good practice method ..........................................................
5.41
Figure 5.4.3 Cumulative uncertainty plotted against cumulative
emissions ..................................... 5.43
Figure 5.4.4 Fraction of emissions required to reach 90% of sum
of contribution from uncertainties in different inventories. With
and without LULUCF .............................. 5.43
Figure 5.4.5 Fraction of emissions required to reach 90% of sum
of contribution from trend uncertainty in different inventories.
With and without LULUCF ....................... 5.44
Figure 5.6.1 Recalculated estimate for 2003 based on linear extrapolation
...................................... 5.59
Tables
Table 5.3.1 Example of area estimation via proportions .................................................................
5.25
Table 5.4.1 Suggested IPCC source/sink categories for LUCF and
non-LULUCF ........................ 5.31
Table 5.4.2 Spreadsheet for the Tier 1 analysis . Level assessment
including LULUCF categories ......................................................................................................................
5.34
Table 5.4.3 Spreadsheet for the Tier 1 analysis . Trend assessment
including LULUCF categories ......................................................................................................................
5.35
Table 5.4.4 Relationship between activities identified in Chapter
3 and Chapter 4 and IPCC source/sink categories for LULUCF .............................................................................
5.39
Table 5.4.5 Key category analysis summary ...................................................................................
5.42
Table 5.4.6 Assumed uncertainties to determine a key category
threshold including LULUCF .... 5.42
Table 5.4.7 Example of a level assessment for an Annex I country
................................................ 5.45
Table 5.4.8 Trend analysis with LULUCFs .....................................................................................
5.47
Table 5.5.1 Tier 1 general inventory level QC procedures ..............................................................
5.51
Table 5.6.1 Summary of approaches to obtain consistency in time
series ....................................... 5.57
Table 5.7.1 Applicability of verification approaches for land
area identification and for carbon pools and non-CO2 greenhouse
gases ...........................................................................
5.63
Table 5.7.2 Features of some of the main remote sensing platforms
.............................................. 5.76
Boxes
Box 5.2.1 Example of uncertainty expression .................................................................................
5.9
Box 5.2.2 Level of aggregation of the Tier 1 analysis ..................................................................
5.11
Box 5.2.3 Tier 2 uncertainty assessment for changes in agricultural
soil C in the U.S.A ............. 5.14
Box 5.2.4 Uncertainties of estimates based on models .................................................................
5.16
Box 5.5.1 Definitions of Quality Assurance and Quality Control
................................................ 5.49
Box 5.5.2 Expert peer review ........................................................................................................
5.54
Box 5.6.1 Example case where a national forest inventory is conducted
very 5 years ................. 5.58
Box 5.6.2 Example of modelling the emissions of a site over time
.............................................. 5.59
Box 5.7.1 Definition of verification for the inventory ..................................................................
5.61
Box 5.7.2 Guidance for selecting inventory components for verification
and
verification approaches .................................................................................................
5.69
Box 5.7.3 Verification of LULUCF Sector in a National Inventory
............................................. 5.70
Box 5.7.4 Guidance for verifying carbon pools and activities ......................................................
5.71
Box 5.7.5 Verification of LULUCF under the Kyoto Protocol .....................................................
5.72
Box 5.7.6 Programs/networks relevant to LULUCF .....................................................................
5.73