『Abstract
The efficient use of energy is a key component of current efforts
to rteduce carbon emissions. There are two factors which are important
when assessing the potential gains from energy efficiency technologies:
the scale of energy flow and the technical potential for improvement.
However, most efficiency analyses consider only the potential
grains from known efficiency technologies, while ignoring the
complex flow of energy through the chains of conversion devices.
In response, this paper traces the global flow of energy, from
fuels through to the final services, and focuses on the technical
conversion devices and passive systems in each energy chain. By
mapping the scale and complexity of global energy flow, the technical
areas which are likely to deliver the largest efficiency gains
can be identified. The result is a more consistent basis for directing
future research and policy decisions in the area of energy efficiency.
Keywords: Energy efficiency; Sankey diagram; Energy conversion』
1. Introduction: the potential gains from energy efficiency
2. Previous work: mapping the scale of energy use
3. Methodology: drawing a map of global energy flow
3.1. Energy sources
3.2. End-use conversion devices
3.3. Passive systems
3.4. Final services
4. Results and discussion: What do we now know?
4.1. A vertical perspective of the energy map
4.2. A horizontal view of the energy map
4.3. Data accuracy
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
エネルギー源 | EJ | 変換装置 | EJ | 受動的なシステム | EJ | 最終サービス | EJ |
石油 | 152 | ディーゼルエンジン | 58 | 電気器具 | 88 | 快適な温度調節用 | 90 |
石炭 | 127 | 電気ヒーター | 58 | 冷暖房 | 86 | 生活維持用 | 84 |
天然ガス | 97 | 電気モーター | 55 | 蒸気システム | 67 | 構造物用 | 68 |
バイオマス | 54 | バイオマス・バーナー | 49 | 動力システム | 56 | 貨物運搬用 | 64 |
原発 | 30 | ガス・バーナー | 47 | 自動車 | 40 | 人運搬用 | 64 |
再生エネルギー | 15 | 石油エンジン | 41 | トラック | 38 | 衛生用 | 56 |
クーラー | 33 | 炉 | 31 | 通信用 | 29 | ||
石炭バーナー | 31 | 給湯システム | 23 | 証明用 | 19 | ||
石油バーナー | 28 | 照明 | 18 | ||||
熱交換器 | 20 | 飛行機 | 10 | ||||
光源 | 18 | 船 | 10 | ||||
電子機器源 | 16 | 列車 | 8 | ||||
航空機エンジン | 11 | ||||||
その他のエンジン | 10 | ||||||
直接使用 | 272 | 熱源 | 233 | 建造物 | 215 | ||
電気 | 183 | 動力源 | 115 | 工場 | 154 | ||
熱 | 20 | その他 | 67 | 乗物 | 106 | ||
合計 | 475 | 合計 | 475 | 合計 | 475 | 合計 | 475 |
EJ:エクサジュール(1エクサ=1018=100京) |