CONTENTS

Introduction
Working Group on Renewable Energies - Statistics (AGEE-STAT)

PART I: Renewable energy sources in Germany: Guarantees for climate protection, sustainability and supply reliability 8
Renewable energy sources in Germany: The most important developments in 2008 at a glance 11
Contribution of renewable energy sources to energy supply in Germany, 2008 12
Renewable energy sources as a share of energy supply in Germany, 1998 to 2008 13
Final energy consumption in Germany, 2008 . Shares of renewable energy sources 14
Structure of energy supply from renewable energy sources in Germany, 2008 15
Development of energy supply from renewable energy sources in Germany, 1990 to 2008 16
Emissions avoided via the use of renewable energy sources in Germany, 2008 21
Development of energy-related emissions in Germany, 1990 to 2008 25
Energy-related emissions in Germany according to source groups, 2007 27
Fossil fuels saved via the use of renewable energy sources in Germany, 2008 28
Turnover from renewable energy sources in Germany, 2008 29
Jobs in the renewable energies sector in Germany 31
Feed-in and fees under the Act on the Sale of Electricity to the Grid (StrEG)
and the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) since 1991 32
Cost to electricity consumers 33
Effects of renewable energies on electricity prices 35
Macroeconomic external costs 36
Overview of the costs and benefi cial effects of the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) 37
Promoting renewable energy sources 38
Research and development of technologies for the use of renewable energy sources 41
Long-term, sustainable utilisation potential of renewable energy sources for electricity,
heat and fuel production in Germany 44
Scenario for an intensifi ed expansion of renewable energies in Germany 45

Part II: Renewable energy sources in the European Union 48
Use of renewable energy sources in the EU 51
Expansion of electricity generation from renewable energy sources in the internal European electricity market 52
Supply of electricity from renewable energy sources in the EU 53
Use of wind energy in the EU 55
Heat supply from renewable energy sources in the EU 57
Fuels from renewable energy sources in the EU 58
Instruments for the promotion of renewable energy sources in the EU electricity market 59

Part III: Global use of renewable energy sources 61
Global energy supply from renewable energy sources 63
Global use of renewable energy sources in 2006 according to regions 65
Global electricity generation from renewable energy sources 66
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) 67
International Conference for Renewable Energies . Renewables 2004 . and the follow-up process 68

Appendix: Methodological notes 69

Conversion factors 77
Bibliography 78

INTRODUCTION

The brochure “Renewable Energy Sources in Figures . National and International Development” has been published annually by the German
Environment Ministry (BMU) since 2002, and contains information on the development of renewable energy sources in Germany, the European
Union and worldwide.

In recent years, renewables have developed at a rapid rate, but the pace of expansion varies considerably between regions. Many of the world’s
countries have come to realise that the intensive use of renewable energy sources represents an important step towards protecting our climate,
and a useful way of reducing our consumption of fossil resources and our growing dependency on imports of raw energy resources. The climate
and energy problem is not a national issue but a global one, and is increasingly becoming a top priority for politicians. Drastically reducing
our emissions of climate-damaging greenhouse gases is considered particularly important in this regard.

Thanks to its ambitious climate and energy programme, the German Government is making a national contribution to the European Union’s joint climate protection targets, and thereby also contributing to the success of international climate negotiations. The German Government is guided
by ambitious but realistic targets:

• Emissions of greenhouse gases are to be cut by 40 % by 2020 compared with 1990 levels; by the end of 2007, Germany had already achieved a reduction of -21.3 %.
• Energy productivity is to be increased by 3 % per annum. This means that by 2020, energy use will be twice as effi cient as in 1990.
• Building on the continuous rise in renewables in recent years, their share is to be further signifi cantly increased:
  ・The proportion of gross electricity consumption attributable to renewables is to be increased from its current level of 15 percent to at least
  30 percent by 2020, with plans for further continuous expansion thereafter.
  ・The proportion of heating energy consumption attributable to renewables is to be increased from its current level of just under 8 percent to
  14 percent by 2020.
  ・Through the use of biofuels, greenhouse gas emissions are to be reduced by 7 percent by 2020 compared with the use of fossil fuels, corresponding to an energy share of around 12 percent.
  ・In the long term (by 2050), the proportion of total energy consumption attributable to renewables in Germany is to be increased to around 50 percent.
• The share of electricity from cogeneration (CHP) is to be doubled to 25 percent by 2020.

Germany’s targets for the expansion of renewable energy sources must be viewed within the context of the European Union’s current targets, which aim to increase the share of total fi nal energy consumption attributable to renewables to 20 percent by 2020. Germany has been
allocated a share of 18 percent, almost double of the current level.

At present, the likelihood of achieving these targets in Germany looks very positive. With the new Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG, 2009),
the Act on the Promotion of Renewable Energies in the Heat Sector (EEWarmeG 2009), the promotion of renewables via targeted market incentive programmes, a wide range of initiatives in the research and development sector, plus a host of other mechanisms, the German Government and its legislative authorities have created the necessary requirements for future development in Germany. These instruments are
accompanied by numerous activities at Land and local authority level, together with measures by various institutions, private individuals and
companies.

Part one of this updated publication contains information on the development of renewable energy sources up until 2008, their environmental impacts, and the economic effects in Germany. It also provides an overview of the German Government’s objectives, the mechanisms for
achieving these targets, and information on the support of renewables and funding priorities in this sector. Parts two and three contain information on renewables in the European Union and at global level.

【ドイツ】

Renewable energy sources as a share of energy supply in Germany FEC= Final energy consumption, PEC=Primary energy consumption, calculated according to the physical energy content method Sources: BMU based on AGEE-Stat and other sources, see following tables Development in the shares of primary and final energy consumption attributable to renewables in Germany since 1998 PEC according to physical energy content method Sources: See table above（略） Shares of renewables among total final energy consumption in Germany, 2008 Structure of final energy supply from renewable energy sources in Germany, 2008 1) Biogenic solid fuels, biogenic liquid and gaseous fuels, biogenic portion of waste, biogas, sewage and landfi ll gas, and biofuels Sources: BMU based on AGEE-Stat and other sources, see table on page 12 Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU)（2009）による『Renewable Energy Sources in Figures　National and International Development』から

【ヨーロッパ】

We have selected the 5 EU Member States with the highest fi nal energy consumption The new EU Directive 2009/28/EC sets out an indicative target path for the share of final energy consumption attributable to renewables. The Member States are required to take suitable measures to ensure that their share of energy from renewable sources meets the national guidelines of the target path as a minimum requirement. Sources: according to EC [92], Eurostat [91] Share of renewable energies in fi nal energy consumption in selected EU countries 1) RES shares 2005 and overall national targets for the share of fi nal energy consumption from renewables in accordance with EU Directive 2009/28/EC Sources: EC [92], Eurostat [91] General remarks In 2004, the EU-15 was enlarged by 10 new countries to form the EU-25. A further two Member States acceded in 2007, and the EU is now comprised of 27 Member States (EU-27) (cf. also Appendix, para. 9). The texts and time series contained in this brochure include the new Member States from the year of their accession. The data on renewable energy supply and use in Germany contained in European and international statistics sometimes deviates from the fi gures found in German sources. As well as different data origins, this is also partially attributable to different calculation methods (calculated according to the physical energy content method; cf. also Appendix para. 5 and 11). In the section on “Europe”, the data for Germany has been taken from the international statistics for consistency purposes. Generally speaking, however, the detailed information contained in the national sources on the preceding pages is more reliable. Structure of final energy consumption in the EU The new EU Directive on the promotion of energy from renewable sources focuses primarily on the share of total final energy consumption attributable to renewables. Until now, statistics concerning fi nal energy consumption have focussed on the shares attributable to the various different sectors. The diagram opposite shows a breakdown into different energy carriers, calculated on the basis of various statistics compiled by Eurostat. As such, the shares given are only intended to indicate the dimensions of the different energy carriers. Calculated according to the physical energy content method. Sources: ZSW [3] according to Eurostat [34] Structure of primary energy consumption in the EU Supply of electricity from renewable energy sources in the EU Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU)（2009）による『Renewable Energy Sources in Figures　National and International Development』から

【世界】

Structure of global final energy consumption, 2006 The global final energy share is higher than the global primary energy share. This is partly due to traditional biomass, all of which represents fi nal energy consumption Furthermore, the level of primary energy share also depends on the method used to calculate the primary energy equivalent of renewable energy sources, cf. Appendix, para 5, 11 and 12. New RES = Wind, solar and ocean energy Source: according to REN21 [33] Global development of renewable primary energy supply and share of renewable energy sources (RES) 1) Only includes the renewable portion of waste On calculation of the RES share, cf. also Appendix, para 12. Sources: IEA [31], [54] Electricity generation from renewable energy sources in various regions, 2006 Share of renewable energy sources in global electricity generation, 2006 At 16 %, global electricity generation from hydropower is higher than that from nuclear energy (14.8 %). Looking at the PEC shares, this ratio is inverted, with nuclear energy providing a considerably higher share of PEC at 6.2 % than hydropower at 2.2 %. The reason for this distortion is that according to international agreements, electricity from uclear power is rated at an average conversion effi ciency of 33 % in relation to primary energy, while electricity from hydropower is rated at a conversion effi ciency of 100 % according to the so-called physical energy content method; cf. Appendix, para. 5. 1) Includes non-renewable portion of waste (0.2 %) 2) Geothermal energy, solar energy, wind energy, ocean energy Sources: IEA [31], [54] Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU)（2009）による『Renewable Energy Sources in Figures　National and International Development』から