McVocar,T.R., Roderick,M.L., Donohue,R.J., Li,L.T., Van Niel,T.G., Thomas,A., Grieser,J., Jhajharia,D., Himri,Y., Mahowald,N.M., Mescherskaya,A.V., Kruger,A.C., Rehman,S. and Dinpashoh,Y.(2012): Global review and synthesis of trends in observed terrestrial near-surface wind speeds: Implications for evaporation. Journal of Hydrology, 416-417, 182-205.

『観測された陸上地表近傍の風速についての世界的レビューと傾向の統合：蒸発との関連』

『Abstract
　In a globally warming climate, observed rates of atmospheric evaporative demand have declined over recent decades. Several recent studies have shown that declining rates of evaporative demand are primarily governed by trends in the aerodynamic component (primarily being the combination of the effects of wind speed (u) and atmospheric humidity) and secondarily by changes in the radiative component. A number of these studies also show that declining rates of observed near-surface u (termed ‘stilling’) is the primary factor contributing to declining rates of evaporative demand. One objective of this paper was to review and synthesise the literature to assess whether stilling is a globally widespread phenomenon. We analysed 148 studies reporting terrestrial u trends from across the globe (with uneven and incomplete spatial distribution and differing periods of measurement) and found that the average trend was -0.014 m s-1 a-1 for studies with more than 30 sites observing data for more than 30 years, which confirmed that stilling was widespread. Assuming a linear trend this constitutes a -0.7 m s-1 change in u over 50 years. A second objective was to confirm the declining rates of evaporative demand by reviewing papers reporting trends in measured pan evaporation (Epan) and estimated crop reference evapotranspiration (STo); average trends were -3.19 mm a-2 (n=55) and -1.31 mm a2 )n=26), respectively. A third objective was to assess the contribution to evaporative demand trends that the four primary meteorological variables (being u; atmospheric humidity; radiation; and air temperature) made. The results from 36 studies highlighted the importance of u trends. We also quantified the sensitivity of rates of evaporative demand to changes in u and how the relative contributions of the aerodynamic and radiative components change seasonally over the globe. Our review: (i) shows that terrestrial stilling is widespread across the globe; (ii) confirms declining rates of evaporative demand; and (iii) highlights the contribution u has made to these declining evaporative rates. Hence we advocate that assessing evaporative demand trends requires consideration of all four primary meteorological variables (being u, atmospheric humidity, radiation and air temperature). This is particularly relevant for long-term water resource assessment because changes in u exert greater influence on energy-limited water-yielding catchments than water-limited ones.

Keywords: Climate change; Stilling; Evaporation paradox; Pan evaporation; Reference evapotranspiration; Trends』

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Trends of near-surface terrestrial wind speed
　2.1. Global terrestrial review
　2.2. Global terrestrial meta-analysis
　2.3. Global (terrestrial and oceanic) synthesis
　2.4. Possible causes of stilling
　2.5. Implications for other disciplines
3. Trends in evaporative demand
4. Importance of wind speed to the evaporative process
　4.1. Sensitivity analysis
　4.2. Relative importance of aerodynamics on evaporation trends
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Appendix A. Supplementary material
References

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