Kuleshov,V.N.(2012): A superlarge deposit - Kalahari manganese ore field (Northern Cape, South Africa): Geochemistry of isotopes (δ13C and δ18O) and genesis. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 47(3), 217-233.

『超巨大鉱床−カラハリマンガン鉱石地帯(南アフリカの北ケープ州):同位体(δ13Cとδ18O)地球化学と成因』


Abstract
 Study of carbonate inclusions in the Mamatwan-type oxide ores (braunite lutites) made it possible to reveal residual microbial structures in them. Their presence in manganese ores, the type of manganese oxide mineralization, isotope signatures of manganese carbonates, and available literature data on the geology of the Kalahari manganese field suggest that manganese ore formation was widespread at the postsedimentary stage of transformation of the primary microbial sediment. The deposit can be referred to the hydrothermal-metasomatics type.』

Overview of the geological setting and ores in deposits of the Kalahari ore field
 General geological characteristics
  Ore types
  Specific features of the microscopic structure of ores
Geochemistry of isotopes
Genesis of ores
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References


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