『Abstract
Major regularities in the formation of manganese rocks and ores
have been established on the basis of available published and
original data. The proposed genetic classification of main manganese
deposits (with model examples) is as follows: sedimentary-diagenetic
(Nikopol, Bol'she-Tokmak; Ukraine), (volcanogenic) hydrothermal-sedimentary
(deposits of the Atasui area, Kazakhstan; Magnitogorsk Trough,
South Urals), epigenitic (catagenetic) (deposits of the Kalahari
manganese ore field, South Africa; Usinsk deposit, Kuznetsk Alatau),
and supergene (residual, infiltrational, cavern filling, and pisolitic
deposits in India, Brazil, South Africa, and Australia). The results
suggest the following conclusions: (1) all primary manganese rocks
and ores at the known deposits are hydrothermal- and diagenetic-sedimentary
formations of marine environments; (2) manganese concentrations
achieve the size of deposits at postsedimentary stages of the
initial manganiferous sediment and manganese rock transformation
(diagenesis, catagenesis, and retrograde diagenesis); (3) indispensable
participation of the isotopically light carbon dioxide related
to the destruction of organic matter (OM) is a characteristic
feature of manganese carbonate formation during diagenesis; and
(4) the role of organic carbon in manganese ore formation becomes
notable since early stages of Mn accumulation in the Precambrian
sedimentary basins (terminal Archean-initial Early Proterozoic).』
(Introduction)
Genetic types and classification of manganese deposits
Model examples of manganese deposit formation
Sedimentary-diagenetic deposits in sedimentary rock basins
Hydrothermal^sedimentary deposits
Stringer hydrothermal manganese minerals (oxides and carbonates)
Epigenetic (catagenetic) deposits
Deposits of the Kalahari manganese ore field (South Africa)
Deposits in the weathering crust
Model examples of recent manganese ore formation
Specific features of the formation of primary manganese ores
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References