Resources of the Earth
Origin, Use, and Environmental Impact, 2nd ed.

Craig, J. R., Vaughan, D. J. and Skinner, B. J.

CONTENTS

Preface vii
CHAPTER 1 Minerals: The Foundations of Society 1
　 The Complex Network 2
　 Population Growth: The Force That Drives Resource Consumption 2
Materials We Use 5
Consequences of Resources Exploitation 7
Resources, Reserves, and Ores 10
Where Do Earth Resources Come From 13
CHAPTER 2 The Origins of Mineral Resources 14
Introduction 15
Subsurface Igneous and metamorphic Processes 16
Surface Processes 23
Shallow Subsurface and Diagenetic Processes 27
Marine Processes 28
Conclusions 31
Further Readings 31
CHAPTER 3 Earth's Resources Through History 32
Introduction 33
Resources of Antiquity 33
From Rome to the Renaissance 35
Global Exploration and Colonialism 36
Humans and Metals 38
Modern Trends in Resource Usage 44
Global Distribution and the International Flow of Resources 47
Further Readings 57
CHAPTER 4 Environmental Impacts of Resource Exploitation and Use 58
Introduction 59
How Exploiting Resources Affects the Environment 60
How Using Resources Affects the Environment 75
Disposal or Recycling of industrial and Domestic Waste Products 91
Further Readings 101
CHAPTER 5 Energy from Fossil Fuels 102
Introduction 103
Energy Units 103
The Changing Use of Energy 103
Fossil Fuels 107
Future Fossil Fuel Resources 158
Future Readings 160
CHAPTER 6 Energy the Future--Nuclear Power and Other Possible Alternatives 161
Introduction 162
Nuclear Power--Uranium and Nuclear Fission 163
Alternative Energy Sources 181
The Future 207
Further Readings 208
CHAPTER 7 Abundant Metals 209
Metals and Their Properties 210
The Nature of Ore Deposits 210
Iron: The Backbone of Industry 212
Manganese 226
Aluminum, The Metal of the Twentieth Century 229
Titanium 237
Magnesium 241
Silicon 243
Abundant Metals in the Future 245
Further Readings 245
CHAPTER 8 The Geochemically Scarce Metals 246
Production of the Geochemically Scarce metals 247
Distribution of Scarce Metals in the Crust 247
Ore minerals of the Scarce Metals 250
Classification of Geochemically Scarce Metals by Usage 251
The Ferro-Alloy Metals 252
The Base Metals 264
The Precious Metals 280
The Special Metals

293
Distribution of Deposits of the Scarce Metals 296
Prospecting for Deposits of the Scarce Metals 297
The Long-term Future for the Scarce metals 298
Further Readings 298
CHAPTER 9 Fertilizer and Chemical minerals 299
Introduction 300
Minerals for Fertilizers 300
Historical Overview of Fertilizers 300
Nitrogen 303
Phosphorus 305
Potassium 310
Sulfur 311
Minerals for Chemicals 313
Further Readings 327
CHAPTER 10 Building Materials and Other Industrial materials 328
Introduction 329
Untreated Rock Products 329
Treated Rock Products 339
Other Major Industrial Minerals 346
Gemstones 360
The Future for Building Materials and Industrial minerals 364
Further Readings 364
CHAPTER 11 Water Resources 365
Introduction 366
The Global Distribution of Water 366
Our Use of Water 381
Potential Water Problems 398
Large-Scale Transporation and Diversion Systems 411
Further Readings 417
CHAPTER 12 Soil as a Resource 418
Introduction 418
Soil Formation and Distribution 419
Soil Type and Land Use 427
Erosion and Deterioration of Soil 433
Conservation--The Keyword for Soil Science 436
Further Readings 440
CHAPTER 13 Future Resources 441
Introduction 441
Future Mineral Resources 442
Energy and Water for the Future 445
Technology and Innovation 445
Further Readings 446
Appendix: Calendar of Earth Resources Events 447
Glossary 452
Index 459

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